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IPHY3280 > IPHY3430 Exam 2 [endocrine] > Flashcards

IPHY3430 Exam 2 [endocrine] Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine system

A
  • communication system

- coordinates body function: hormones & endocrine glands/tissues

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2
Q

Endocrinology

A

someone who studies the endocrine system

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3
Q

Major Glands

A
  • adrenal gland(cortex and medulla)
  • gonads (ovaries and testes)
  • pancreas
  • parathyroid glands
  • pineal gland
  • pituitary gland
  • thyroid gland
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4
Q

Tissues and organs

A 
Not their actual function, but can help/ have a role in the endocrine system
•adipose tissue cells
•endothelial cells
•gastrointestinal tract
•heart•kidneys
•leukocytes & macrophages 
•liver
•placenta
•skin
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5
Q

What can Hormones control

A
  • Rates of enzymatic reactions
  • transport of ions or molecules across cell membrane
  • Gene expression & synthesis of proteins
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6
Q

Hormone transduction pathways

A

-cell membrane receptors
•G-protein coupled receptors
•adenylyl cyclase (cAMP) – e.g, glucagon, ACTH, LH, FSH,..
•guanylate cyclase (cGMP)– e.g, ANP, NO,…
•phospholipase C (IP3-Ca++) – e.g, vasopressin, GnRH,TRH,CRH,…
•tyrosine kinase receptors– e.g, insulin, IGF, GH,…
- cytoplasmic/nuclear receptors– e.g, TH, cortisol, E, P, T, …

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7
Q

Endocrine sys function

A

-Endocrine system has a regulatory effect on basically every other body system.
-Some processes that fall under endocrine system (hormonal) control:
•appetite•blood glucose levels & blood calcium levels•blood pressure & heart rate•growth of bones & tissues•metabolism•reproductive function•water balance & blood volume

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8
Q

Is the endocrine fast or slow

A

slow

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9
Q

Features of Endocrine sys & hormones

A
  • A single gland/tissue may secrete multiple hormones.
  • A single cell typically makes a single type of hormone.
  • A particular hormone may be produced by more than one type of endocrine gland/tissue.
  • A chemical messenger may be a hormone when secreted by one cell type or neurocrine when secreted by another.
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10
Q

can a hormone exert effects at low concentration

A

yes, picomole(10^-9) to nanomole(10^-12) = 1 molecule per billion/trillion

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11
Q

Terminating hormone signals

A

half-life of hormone. but you still need to get rid of it to get rid of all the effects.

  • 2 main organs that get rid of hormones:
    1) liver: breaks them down
    2) kidneys: flushes them out
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12
Q

Function of hormone

A

endocrine organ secretes hormones, bind to target cell, they can change rate of enzymatic reactions, alter gene expression & synthesis of proteins.

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13
Q

Hydrophilic peptides & catecholamines half- life

A

t1/2 = fes sec/min

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14
Q

lipophilic hormones half- life

A

t1/2 = hours/up to a week

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15
Q

3 classes of hormones

A

peptide, steroid, amine

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16
Q

Peptide hormones

A

most common; you make them like any other protein: mRNA -> Rough endoplasmic retic -> golgi
Pre-hormone -> prohormone -> hormone
example: insulin

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17
Q

how do hormones vary?

A
  • when synthesized & organelles involved
  • how/whether stored & secreted
  • half-life & how transported in plasma
  • location of receptors, cell signaling mechanism & effects
  • timing & duration of effects
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18
Q

peptide hormone characteristics

A
  • water soluble
  • bind to surface membrane receptors; many activate cAMP 2nd messenger system(GPCR)
  • short half-life; typically seconds to few min
  • rapid, short-lived effects: gate ion channels, modify enzymes or transporters
19
Q

Steroid hormones chracteristics

A

cholesterol- delivered (lipophilic)
-cant be stored; synthesized on demand- smooth ER & mitochondria
Made only in a few organs: ex; adrenal glands, gonads.
ex hormones: cortisol, estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, estrogen.

20
Q

Steroid hormones

A
  • all are derived from cholesterol.
  • released immediately- rate of synthesis determines rate of release.
  • They can just diffuse out of membranes
  • cytoplasmic or nuclear receptors (some GPCR or receptor enzymes)
  • slower acting, longer effects: typically genomic effects- gene activation -> DNA transcription & protein synthesis
21
Q

Steroid hormones traveling in the bloodstream

A

protein carriers:

- what gives steroid hormones such a long half-life. the protein blocks degradation.

22
Q

Amine hormones

A

derived from one of two amino acids. (tryptophan or tyrosine)
- act either peptide like or steroid like.

23
Q

Amine hormones: Tyrosine vs. Tryptophan

A

tryptophan: converted into melatonin(made in pineal gland)
tyrosine: 1) catecholamines: (peptide like: take a pill)dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine
2) Thyroid hormone: (steroid like: take a shot) thyrothyamine

24
Q

General control of hormone release

A

Pathway: stimulus -> sensor cell/receptor -> input(afferent) signal -> integration center processes signal -> output(efferent) signal (hormone) -> affector/target -> physiological effect
*signals can be electrical &/or chemical

25
Q

Simple endocrine pathway

A

endocrine cell directly senses stimulus, integrates, and responds by secreting its hormone.
- ex; adipose tissue, gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidney, parathyroid glands, pancreas(insulin, glucagon), pineal gland(melatonin)
can be simple neural reflex or simple endocrine reflex , or they can work together

26
Q

simple neural reflex

A

stim -> sensory neuron -> CNS -> efferent neuron -> target cell

27
Q

simple endocrine reflex

A

stim -> endocrine cell -> blood -> target cell -> response

28
Q

what do endocrine cells sense when deciding to release Insulin

A

pancreatic endocrine cells evaluate 3 input signals when deciding whether and how much insulin to secrete.

  • blood glucose (humoral)
  • stretch in gut(neural)
  • glucose in gut (humoral)
29
Q

complex endocrine pathways: hypothalamic - pituitary (HP) axes

A

3 integrating centers:

  • hypothalamus(neural)
  • pituitary; master controller of ES
  • endocrine glands; (endocrine target of pituitary hormone) ex: adrenal cortex, thyroid gland,liver, gonads, kidneys
30
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Major integrating center:

  • links Ns to ES
  • receives info about internal well- being of body temp, water balance, hunger.
  • much of this is info is used to control secretions of pituitary hormones
31
Q

Pituitary Glands

A

pituitary gland is split into 2 different glands: (anterior and posterior)

anterior: epithelials( true endocrine gland)
posterior: neural, extension of the neural tissue

32
Q

posterior pituitary

A

stimuli: osmoreceptors; aka “shrink” receptors- mechanically gated
neural tissue: extension of the hypothalamus
secretes: vasopressin, oxytocin

33
Q

Anterior pituitary

A

secretes 6 tropic hormones:
prolactin, growth hormone, thyroid,(thyrotropin), adrenocorticotropic( corticotropin), gonadotropins(- luteinizing hormone, follicle-stimulating hormone)

tropic = hormone that controls secretion of another hormone

34
Q

Hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing hormones that control anterior pituitary

A

hypothalamic neurons secrete releasing hormones:
•Thyrotropin RH (TRH) -> thyrotropin (TSH)
•Growth Hormone RH (GHRH) -> GH
•Gonadotropin RH (GRH/GnRH) -> gonadotropins (LH, FSH)
•Prolactin Releasing Factors (PRF) -> prolactin
•Corticotropin RH (CRH) -> corticotropin (ACTH)
- to avoid dilution, a portal system(capillary sys) connects the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary

35
Q

Hypothalamic pituitary axes

A

Hypothalamus -> releasing hormones(TRH, GHRH, CRH, GRH) -> anterior pituitary gland -> tropic hormones(TSH, GH, ACTH, LH & FSH) -> endocrine cells (thyroid, liver, adrenal cortex, gonads) -> hormone(thyroid hormone, insulin- growth hormone, cortisol, sex hormones) -> cellular response

36
Q

how are hormone levels kept within desired range?

A

long-loop feedback; hormone to hypothalamus

short loop feedback; tropic hormone to hypothalamus

37
Q

control pathway for cortisol secretion (HPA axis)

A

physical circadian rythm or stress -> hypothalamus -> CRH -> Anterior pituitary(first set of feedback) -> ACTH -> adrenal cortex -> cortisol (last set of feedback) -> to target tissue

38
Q

Adrenal Gland characteristics

A

adrenal cortex: outer section, secretes 3 major types of steroid hormones[mineralocorticoids(aldosterone), glucocorticoids(cortisol), sex hormone(a little)]
adrenal medulla: secretes catecholamines (mostly epinephrine) - due to sympathetic nervous system

39
Q

Hormone interaction types

A

Cells may be influenced by more than one hormone:
synergism: wehn effects of hormone additive; 1+1=4, greater effect than you expect
Permissiveness: when you need a hormone to get the full effect of another hormone
Antagonism: hormones that have opposite effects

40
Q

Endocrine pathologies(3 basic things)

A

1) hypersecretion - hormone excess[tumors/cancer, autoimmune diseases]
2) hyposecretion: hormone deficiency; decreased synthesis, or atrophy of gland [ damage, autoimmune diseases]
3) abnormal reponsivness of target tissue to hormone;changes in receptors or 2nd messenger pathways

41
Q

cushing’s disease vs addison’s disease

A

addisons: hypocortisol(anorexia)

cushing’s: hypercortisol(excess fat)

42
Q

Growth hormone pathologies

A

Dwarfism: hypo-growth hormone
Hypersecretion:
- in children; leads to gigantism
- in adults; leads to acromegaly(loong face, arms, feet)
*difference is due to growth plates closing.

43
Q

hypo- vs. hyperthyroidism

A

-regulates metabolic rate & body temp
- requires for; normal growth & development, protein synthesis, carbohydrate & fat breakdown
THERE ARE A LOT OF THINGS THAT ARE AFFECTED BY HYPO AND HYPERTHYROIDISM

44
Q

Classification of endocrine pathologies

A

primary pathology; dysfunction of endocrine gland
secondary pathology; dysfunction of pituitary
tertiary pathology; dysfunction of hypothalamus

IPHY3280 (6 decks)

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