IPE WEEK 11 Flashcards
How has global governance failed since the end of the Cold War according to the UNODC?
Global governance has failed to keep pace with economic globalization, allowing unprecedented openness in trade, finance, travel, and communication, which created opportunities for criminals to prosper.
Define ‘vice’ as per the Cambridge Dictionary.
Vice refers to “illegal and immoral activities, especially involving illegal sex, drugs, etc.”
What significant risk does the vice industry pose?
The vice industry presents a significant security risk or threat to many states due to the destabilizing operations of criminal cartels.
What is Transnational Organised Crime (TOC) according to the UNTOC?
TOC encompasses serious profit-motivated criminal actions of an international nature where more than one country is involved and is conducted by structured organizations with three or more members.
List three forms of transnational organized crime.
Forms of transnational organized crime include human trafficking, drug trafficking, and illicit trading in weapons.
What is the Palermo Convention?
The Palermo Convention, or the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), is a pivotal treaty addressing transnational crime as a global issue, finalized in 2000 and in force since 2003.
Why is there a challenge in combating transnational organized crime?
Challenges include lack of political will, absence of an operational definition, insufficient data, and resource constraints.
Why is there limited research on organized crime in Africa?
: Limited research is due to problems with definitions, national perspectives, shifting priorities, rapid pace of criminal activity, and lack of adequate information.
Describe the first phase of the evolution of organized crime in Africa.
The first phase, beginning in the 1970s, saw organized criminal activity concentrated in South Africa and Nigeria, with political and economic trends setting the stage for criminal networks’ growth.
What facilitated the spread of criminal networks in Africa in the 1980s and 1990s? (Second Phase)
Economic downturns, structural adjustment policies, and political instability facilitated the spread of criminal networks during this period.
How has globalization affected transnational organized crime in Africa? (Third Phase)
Globalization has connected Africa more closely with the global economy, facilitating the resourcing of powerful criminal networks that exploit developments in communications technology.
What impact does human trafficking have on the global economy?
Human trafficking generates significant revenue for organized crime, causes labor shortages in source countries, and imposes costs on transit and destination countries dealing with illegal immigration.
What makes human trafficking particularly profitable?
Human trafficking is profitable due to its low risk of punishment, global demand for cheap labor and prostitution, and the ability to repeatedly exploit victims.
Why is South Africa significant in the context of human trafficking?
South Africa is a source, transit, and destination country for human trafficking, with high incidences of sex trafficking and forced labor.
What factors increase vulnerability to human trafficking in Africa?
High unemployment, low wages, pandemic-related restrictions, substance addiction, and cultural practices like ukuthwala increase vulnerability to human trafficking.
