IPE

Question 1

what is hypertension

Answer 1

A health conditions in which the blood pressure of an adult is 130/80 mm Hg or greater and can lead to stroke, heart attack and kidney failure that does not cause symptoms.

Question 2

How does one measure BMI

Answer 2

Weight (in kgs) / height squared (in metres)

Question 3

List the complications of hypertension

Answer 3

Heart failure,
renal failure,
left ventricular hypertrophy cerebral hypertension

Question 4

Why did the doctor order the urine and blood tests?

Answer 4

Urine and blood tests may be done because hypertension can cause kidney failure. The blood is tested to detect presence of waste products present in the blood which may be indicative of kidney as a result of high blood pressure.
Urine test is conducted to test for the presence of proteins and blood cells and glucose

Question 5

what risk factors can lead to cardiovascular event

Answer 5

Mr. JM is overweight and has a poor diet, he smokes and drinks regularly, his mother died of a stroke.

Question 6

lifestyle modifications

Answer 6

Improved diet, more exercise, quitting smoking, decrease alcohol consumption.

Question 7

what does LDL cholesterol stand for

Answer 7

Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Question 8

what is LDL cholesterol

Answer 8

a type of lipoprotein (combination of proteins and lipids) that accumulate in the body and increase risk of heart disease and stroke.

Question 9

what does HDL cholesterol stand for

Answer 9

High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol

Question 10

what is HDL cholesterol

Answer 10

another type of lipoprotein which carries and moves LDL cholesterol away from arteries and blood vessels and move LDL cholesterol to liver where it will be removed.

Question 11

what is heartburn

Answer 11

Heartburn is a common gastro-esophageal symptom that can be defined as the burning sensation in the retrosternal area resulting from gastro-esophageal acid reflux usually experienced after eating certain foods.

Question 12

Which metal ion in the antacid preparation would you be concerned about, and why?

Answer 12

look at it in the lecture

Question 13

what are the side effects of antihypertensive medicines

Answer 13

Some antihypertensive medications can have bad side effects including nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea.

Question 14

What is the role of the healthcare professional in smoking cessation?

Answer 14

look at lecture

Question 15

What is the role salbutamol?

Answer 15

Used to relieve symptoms of asthma

Question 16

What is the role of beclomethasone in the treatment of asthma?

Answer 16

Used to prevent asthma attacks – by reducing oedema and mucous secretion in the airways.

Question 17

why must one be careful with the use of corticosteroid when treating asthma?

Answer 17

Side effect of over use or under use of corticosteroid and the steroid is accumulated in the back of the throat rather than in the lungs.

Question 18

name disadvantages of metered dose inhaler

Answer 18

Inefficient drug delivery, droplet size too big for good lung deposition, patients can find it difficult to use, can be inefficient as it can stick to the back of the throat,

Question 19

name the advantage of metered dose inhaler

Answer 19

Portable, cheap, reproducible drug delivery

Question 20

What is the optimum particle size to aid correct deposition into the lung?

Answer 20

less than 2 micrometers

Question 21

What are the advantages of a spacer device?

Answer 21

Child does not have to co-ordinate their breathing to the pumping of the inhaler, will not make contact with the back of the through, reduced side effects.

Question 22

What happens to the droplet velocity in the spacer device, and how does this improve the drug deposition in the lungs?

Answer 22

velocity is slowed

Question 23

how should the spacer device be cleaned

Answer 23

Washed once a week with a disinfectant and left to air dry.

Question 24

What is the Numerical Pain Rating Scale (NPRS) and what is the instruction that must be given to the patient before asking them to give you an NRS score?

Answer 24

A system that quantifies the amount of pain by numbers ranging from 0 to 10. It must be established that 0 means there is no pain and 10 being the worst level of pain.

Question 25

What score range on the NRS scale is considered to represent severe pain?

Answer 25

7-10 is indicative to severe pain.

Question 26

what are the various possible uses of Aspirin in his case?

Answer 26

for people who have had a myocardial infarction and cardiovascular conditions - the purpose of aspirin is to be used as a blood thinner to prevent thrombosis.
He could also be using the tablet to treat the pain on his neck.

Question 27

how can acute, severe irritable neck pain be pharmacologically managed

Answer 27

Doses of Paracetamol, ibuprofen and Non-Steroidal Anti Inflammatory Drugs can be used to manage moderate pain.

Question 28

what is mechanical neck pain/disorder

Answer 28

Mechanical neck pain is a non specific pain in the neck with unknown causes of pain but have several contributing factors.

Question 29

What forms of exercise have a role to play in the management of acute, severe irritable neck pain

Answer 29

Routine exercises with the addition of stretches that target the neck pain and extend to the muscle to strengthen the muscle. This form of local exercise in conjunction with cardiovascular fitness can cause a decrease in risk of musculoskeletal pain in the future.

Question 30

If a patient is confronted with severe neck pain, what other healthcare professionals could be involved in this case?

Answer 30

Pharmacist may be needed to give provide the appropriate analgesia for the patient.
General Practitioner may be involved if the neck pain remains for further assessment and diagnostic imaging.

Question 31

MCV (Mean Cell Volume)

Answer 31

vol. of rbc per unit vol/ no. rbc per unit vol
or
(PCV or HCT) x 10 / RBC x 10^6

Question 32

what does PCV or HCT mean

Answer 32

Packed Cell Volume or Haematocrit

Question 33

Mean Cell Haemoglobin

Answer 33

Haemoglobin conc per unit vol / No. rbc per unit vol
or
Hb x 10/ RBC x 10^6

Question 34

what does MCHC mean

Answer 34

Mean Cell haemoglobin Concentration

Question 35

MCHC

Answer 35

Hb x 100/ HCT
or
MCH/MCV

Question 36

What is a suppository

Answer 36

administering drugs through the rectum

Question 37

side effects of aspirin when administered as a suppository

Answer 37

Dark urine
Yellowing of eyes
Dizziness
Stomach pain