IPD, Dominance, Diplopia

Question 1

• isthe distance in millimeters between the centers of each pupil.

Answer 1

Interpupillary Distance

Question 2

• measure the distance between the corneal reflexes of the 2 eyes

Answer 2

1. Catoptric PD / Physiologic PD

Question 3

• distance from center of one pupil to the center of other pupil

Answer 3

2. Anatomical PD

Question 4

• use of the pupillometer instrument to get accurate readings

Answer 4

3. Pupillometer / Pupil Meter

Question 5

• measured from the center of the bridge of the nose to each eye or looks at doctor’s open eye with penlight just below it.

Answer 5

4. Monocular PD

Question 6

• It is that eye which is relied upon more than the other
• The superiority of one eye whose visual function predominates over the other eye

Answer 6

Dominance Test

Question 7

1. The Observer extends both arms
2. Brings both hands together to create a small opening

Answer 7

Miles Test

Question 8

1. The Patient is given a card with a small hole in the middle and hold with both hands

Answer 8

Dolman Test

Question 9

1. The Observer extends one arm, then with both eyes open aligns the thumb/index finber with a distant object.

Answer 9

Porta Test

Question 10

• Condition in which a single object is perceived as 2 objects rather than as one (double vision). It is a result of stimulation of N.C.R Points.

Answer 10

Diplopia

Question 11

• diplopia occuring in normal binocular vision for non-fixated objects whose images stimulate disparate points on the retina outside of the panum’s area
• in which targets that are not in the area of focus, but in front or behind the point of fixation, are seen as double.

Answer 11

1. Physiologic Diplopia

Question 12

physiologic diplopia for objects beyond the point of binocular fixation.

Answer 12

2. Distal Diplopia

Question 13

for objects nearer than point of binocular fixation.

Answer 13

3. Proximal Diplopia

Question 14

• Homonymous Diplopia or Direct Diplopia
• Images seen by the OD is to the right of the image seen by the OS.

Answer 14

4. Uncrossed Diplopia

Question 15

• The images seen by the OD is to the left of the image seen by the OS
• Heteronymous Diplopia

Answer 15

5. Crossed Diplopia

Question 16

• Ignoring of the retinal image; psychological disregard of image in one eye.

Answer 16

SUPPRESSION

Question 17

• normal eye
• pupil area

Answer 17

Centric

Question 18

• abnormal eye
• iris area

Answer 18

Eccentric

Question 19

PERRLA

Answer 19

Pupil Equally Round Reactive to Light Accommodation

Question 20

magkaharap kayo ng patient, kung sa left side ng mata mo nakalagay yung pen light sa tapos kung ano yung nasa harap na side ni patient na natatamaan nung pen light

Answer 20

• Direct Pupillary Light Reflex

Question 21

papailawan mo yung left side ni patient pero yung ichecheck mo is right eye, vice versa.

Answer 21

• Indirect Pupillary Light Reflex (Consensual)

Question 22

for 3 seconds check mo yung right eye ni px tapos sa left eye naman, pede mo ulit ulitin hanggang sa nakita mo na clearly yung problem ng eyes ni px.

Answer 22

Swinging Flashlight Test

Question 23

you ask your px to read jaeger’s card and then ask the patient to look far, and then ask the patient to read again.

Answer 23

Accommodation

Question 24

OD (right eye open)
OS (left eye open)
OU (both eyes open)

Answer 24

oculus dexter
oculus sinister
oculus ureter

Question 25

1. Compare the sizes of the pupil in the bright and dim illumination.
2. In both illumination types, allow the patient to look at a distant target or at far.

Answer 25

PER of PERRLA -> Pupils are Equally Round

Question 26

When one pupil is exposed to light, the other also constricts

Answer 26

• equal + reactive

Question 27

opiate admin or pons injury
occur when the pupils shrink to a small size

Answer 27

• pinpoint pupils

Question 28

cranial nerve III compression
a dilated pupil in only one eye

Answer 28

• unilateral dilation

Question 29

injury to midbrain
fixed dilation = very bad

Answer 29

• bilateral dilation

Question 30

orbital trauma

Answer 30

• irregular shape

Question 31

L of PERRLA

Answer 31

reactive to Light

Question 32

A of PERRLA

Answer 32

reactive to Accommodation

Question 33

1. Ask the patient to keep fixating a letter of spotlight on the distance chart.

Answer 33

Near Reflex Test

Question 34

Errors in Pupil Evaluation

Answer 34

1. Using too slow a swing in the swinging flashlight test
2. Using too low a light level to observe the contralateral eye, especially with a darkly pigmented iris
3. Forgetting to check pupil reflexes prior to instilling a mydriatic or cycloplegic drops.
4. Blocking the patient’s view of the visual acuity chart and stimulating accommodation and subsequent pupil constriction

Question 35

RECORDING
a. very small, just visible response
b. brisk and large response (normal for healthy patients)
c. small, slow response

Answer 35

+1 = very small, just visible response
+4 = brisk and large response (normal for healthy patients)
+2 = small, slow response

Question 36

NORMAL FINDINGS
Number of Pupils
Location
Size

Answer 36

• Number of Pupils = one per eye
• Location = centric
• Size = 2-4mm in Bright illum. ; 4-8mm in dim illum.

Question 37

• observing the EXTERNAL OCULAR MUSCLES (EOM)

Answer 37

Motility Test

Question 38

• involves observing the patient’s eyes as they move to follow a penlight or non-luminous target in an Asterisk or H pattern to the edge of the binocular field from the primary position.

Answer 38

Motility Test

Question 39

Version -
Duction -

recording?

Answer 39

SAFE
Smooth, Accurate, Full and Extensive

Question 40

Fast and Accurate

Answer 40

Saccades

Question 41

involuntary movement of the eyes.

Answer 41

Jerky

Question 42

delayed eye movement

Answer 42

Lag

Question 43

EYE MOVEMENTS
DUCTION vs. VERSION

• tropia or phoria of one eye alone.
• All uniocular rotations

Answer 43

DUCTIONS

Question 44

VERSION

Answer 44

• tropia or phoria of both eyes in the same direction
• Simultaneous synchronous movements of the two eyes in the same direction

Question 45

• Simultaneous synchronous movements of the two eyes in the opposite directions.

Answer 45

VERGENCE

Question 46

movement of one eye only

Answer 46

Ductions

Question 47

Adduction -
Abduction -
Supraduction -
Infraduction -
Incycloduction -
Excycloduction - -

Answer 47

Adduction - eye turns towards from nose
Abduction - eye turns away from nose
Supraduction - turns up (elevation/
Infraduction - turns down (depression/
Incycloduction - top of vertical axis of cornea turns in
Excycloduction - - top of vertical axis of cornea turns out

Question 48

a muscle which act together with the agonist

Answer 48

Synergist

Question 49

when the agonist contracts then the antagonist relaxes

Answer 49

Sherringtons Law of Reciprocal Innervation

Question 50

binocular movements in the same direction.

Answer 50

Versions

Question 51

it is the primary muscle moving the eye in any one direction

Answer 51

Agonist

Question 52

a muscle which acts in the opposite direction to the agonist

Answer 52

Antagonist