IPA Flashcards
Bilabials
([p,b,m,w]) involve closure or constriction of the two lips
Labiodentals
([f,v]) involve constriction of the upper teeth and lower lip.
Dentals
([ð,Ɵ]) involve constriction of the tongue tip and the upper teeth.
Alveolars
([t,d,n,s,z,ɹ,l]) involve constriction of the tongue tip and the alveolar ridge.
Post-alveolars (or palato-alveolars)
([ʒ, ʃ ]) involve constriction of the tongue tip and the palate, just behind the alveolar ridge
Palatals
([ j ]) involve constriction of the tongue body and the palate
Velars
([k,g,ŋ,(w)]) involve constriction of the tongue body and the velum. ([w] is considered a velar as well as a bilabial because it involves constrictions both at the lips and velum.
Glottals
([h]) involve constriction of the glottis (in this case, sufficient constriction to create a fricative, but not enough to cause voicing).
Stops
([p,t,k,b,d,g]) involve a complete blockage of airflow, due to full closure at some point in the mouth.
Nasals
([m,n,ŋ]) involve complete closure in the mouth, but the back of the velum is lowered, allowing the airflow to pass through the velo-pharyngeal port, and out the nose.
Fricatives
([f,v,ð,Ɵ,s,z,ʒ, ʃ,h]) involve a partial constriction in the mouth, such that airflow is forced through a narrow channel, creating a hissing sound.
Affricates
is a term sometimes used for stop + fricative sequences made with the same articulator, including ([ʧ, ʤ]).
Approximants
([l,ɹ,j,w]) involve less obstruction than a fricative, but more than a vowel. In an [l], the tip of the tongue often makes full contact with the alveolar ridge, but one side of the tongue is lowered: [l] is therefore called a lateral approximant; the others are central.
/θ/
es la de zapato o la de cesta.
/x/
se trata de la de jardín y de la de genio, transcritos ambos como /xaR’din/ y /’xenjo/ respectivamente.
