IoT devices, device, sensor, actuators Flashcards
What is a device?
is an embedded computer, which can be characterized as having several properties, such as;
- Computational capability: typically 8-, 16-, or 32-bit working memory and storage.
- Power supply: wired, battery, energy harvester, or hybrid.
- Sensors and/or actuators: used to sample an environmental variable and/or exert control (e.g., flicking a switch, tuning a motor).
- User Interface: display, buttons, or other functions for user interaction.
What is a gateway?
A device that mediates the communication between IoT devices and networks. It also enables protocol conversion between different devices and networks. A gateway typically includes multiple networking technologies and serves as a translator between different physical interfaces and protocols, e.g., IEEE 802.15.4 or IEEE 802.11, to Ethernet or cellular.
Sensor
Collects data. These are simple or complex devices that typically include a sensor that converts physical properties, such as temperature, into electrical signals. These devices include the necessary transformation of analog electrical signals into digital signals, e.g. processing for simple calculations and possibly communication functions to transmit the digital representation of the physical property and to receive commands. A video camera is another example of a complex sensor that can detect and recognize people. Devices that measure and record different types of data from their environment. Examples include temperature and motion sensors.
Definition of microcontroller
A microcontroller is a small computer on a single integrated circuit chip. It is designed to control other devices and systems, often in embedded applications such as sensors, household appliances or vehicles. E.g. the Arduino Nano.
Components of microcontroller
It contains one or more CPUs along with memory, clocks, and timers, programmable input/output peripherals (kan konfigueras för att hantera olika typer av data och signaler, analoga eller digitala).
The function of the microcontroller
Runs program code, enhances sensors signal, and sends commands to sensors and actuators.
Different types of IoT Applications
Consumer IoT: home applications, voice assistance and light fixtures.
Commercial IoT: mostly used in the healthcare and transport industries.
Military things (IoMT): mostly used for the application of IoT in the military field, e.g. for surveillance.
Industrial IoT (IIoT): used with industry applications, such as in the manufacturing and energy sectors.
Infrastructure IoT: used connectivity in smart cities. Infrastructure sensors and management systems, e.g., traffic, and energy consumption.
Basic microcontrollers
A simple microcontroller that handles basic tasks like controlling and monitoring sensors and communication. Low power applications, sleep and Idle power modes, simple application sensor, local comms. Apps: home-alarms/smart-meters, thermostats. Basic devices are often intended for a single purpose, such as measuring air pressure or closing a valve.
Advances microcontroller
A more complex microcontroller that handles advanced tasks such as real-time data processing, signal processing and security. Complex comm protocols LTE, local data management (edge computing cable), gateway functionality, memory ROM/flash and RAM, high power consumption, few low power modes, Apps: Car remote monitoring, Oil/gas pipe, robotics.
How do IoT devices work?
Different IoT devices have different functions, but they work in similar ways. They consist of physical devices containing processors (CPU), network adapters and embedded software (firmware). These devices connect to networks through protocols, such as DHCP (dynamic host configuration protocol), to automatically obtain network settings and communicate with other systems.
Describe IoT (Internet of Things)
A system in which common objects (e.g. sensors, devices and machines) are connected and can communicate and share data via networks, enabling remote monitoring and automation. Are things/objects such as physical objects equipped with sensors and electronics to sense and communicate with their environment, e.g. PPG sensors or cameras. The ability of devices to collect data from their environment through built-in sensors, such as temperature, light or movement.
Embedded software
Software embedded in sensors and other IoT devices to control data collection and communication.
What are the different dimensions of IoT?
- Sensor devices and parameters (temperature, humidity, respiratory, speed).
- Miniaturization of IoT devices.
- Sensor Data enhancement and communication.
- Data analytics and cybersecurity.
- Actuating correct actions.
Which layers are included in the IoT reference model developed by ITU-T standards?
Application layer, service and application support layer, network layer and the device layer. The layers have associated management and security capabilities.
What is the application layer in the IoT reference model?
The layer within the IoT architecture that provides applications used by end users for specific purposes, such as smart home apps or health monitoring systems.
What is the service and application support layer in the IoT reference model?
A layer that provides general and specific functions such as data storage and processing, to support the operational efficiency of IoT applications.
- Generic support capabilities: are common capabilities which can be used by different IoT applications, such as data processing or data storage.
- Specific support capabilities: are specific functions that meet the requirements of different applications. Specific service capabilities tailored to specific application domains, such as e-health or telematics.
What is the Network layer in the IoT reference model?
supports network and transport capabilities. Responsible for providing network connectivity and managing mobility, authentication and transportation of data within the IoT system.
- The layer provides networking capabilities: such as Mobility Management, Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA), and
- Transport Capabilities: such as connectivity for IoT service data.
What is the device layer in the IoT reference model?
This layer supports the functions of devices and gateways.
- Device capabilities: Devices can directly communicate with the network and use the functions of the network layer. They can also communicate via gateways, create temporary (ad hoc) networks and save energy by going into sleep mode when not in use.
- Gateway capabilities: features include multi-protocol support and protocol conversion to bridge network layer functions and device communication functions.
Describe the security capabilities in the IoT reference model
The security layer contains various security functions needed by the other layers.
- General functions: these include support for authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) and message security, which means that data is both integrated and confidential.
- Specific features: these are tailored to specific applications, such as security for mobile payments.
Describe the management capabilities in the IoT reference model
generic and specific capabilities are distinguished here.
- Specific capabilities: deal with application specific requirements.
- Generic capabilities: perform functions for specific applications, including device activation, deactivation, remote access, device status, software updates, topology and traffic management.
The management layer is responsible for fault detection, accounting, configuration, security and for performance of device and software components.
How does the data flow and operational view work in the different layers of the IoT system?
- Cloud layer: is responsible for large-scale data processing, business intelligence and data storage in IoT systems. This is where the processing of large amounts of data takes place.
- Fog layer (gateways): Local networks and gateways that handle data analysis and reduction, control and response.
- Edge layer (gateways): Handles real-time data and processing close to the source where the data is generated, such as industrial processes and devices that collect large volumes of data.
- Data origination: The source of the data being collected from sensors, controllers and actuators. This is where the data flow in the IoT system begins.
What are the factors to consider in the design of an iot system?
- Real-time data collection, is necessary for critical applications such as fire and flood warnings or factory monitoring.
- Non-realtime IoT sensing, collection of data where immediate response is not necessary, e.g. in agriculture, logistics or solar plants.
- Data integrity
- Cloud data storage: Generic capabilities - accuracy of sensed data at system level. Specific capabilities - operational efficiency of sensor devices.
- Sensor fusion and multi-sensor systems and analysis.
Smart features and efficiency in IoT
- Response and accuracy to physical parameter change.
- Realtime and periodic sensing.
- Sensors signal enhancement.
- Cost and size of IoT equipment.
- Standards compliance and interoperability.
- Energy foraging (energy is collected by the environment - Solar, wind, heat).
- Operational efficiency - The efficiency of IoT system operation, including energy efficiency, fault reporting and diagnosis, and safety measures. Idle-sleep mode.
Cyber-physical world
integrating sensor data with physical systems to predict future conditions and make informed decisions.
