ionisation energy Flashcards
what are the three sub-shells
S, P D
what is Pauli’s exclusion principle
If two electrons occupy the same orbital they must have opposite spins
what is Hund’s rule
When electrons occupy orbitals of the same energy, one electron enters each orbital first until each orbital contains an electrons
stages of mass spectrometer
- ionisation
- acceleration
- deflection
- detection
what is ionisation energy
the energy required to remove one electron from each atom in one mole
what is the fourth ionisation of calcium
ca3+ = ca4+ + e-
what is nuclear charge
more protons the greater the charge of the nucleus
what is shielding
the repulsion felt between the electrons in different shells.
what is atomic radius
distance from the nucleus to the outer electron
how is nuclear charge affected by going down a group
the nuclear charge increases.
theory of shielding
With every additional electron shell there is less attraction between the outer electron and the nucleus
how is shielding affected by going down a group
shielding increases as there is an extra shell of electrons.
how is atomic radius affected by going down a group
radius increases because the distance from the nucleus and the outer electron increases
