Ionic & Moleculer Nomenclature, Bonds

Question 1

Formula Types

Answer 1

-Empirical: Simplest whole number ratio
Ex: CH

-Molecular Formula: Exact number of each type of atom found in a compound
Ex: C6H6

-Structural Formula: The actual structure

Question 2

Elements; Atomic vs Molecular

Answer 2

Atomic: Exist in nature with single atoms as their basic units
Ex: Na, Mg, Ag, Au

Molecular Elements: One or more atoms combined
Ex: H2, N2, O2, P4

Question 3

Compounds; Molecular vs Ionic

Answer 3

Molecular: Two or more nonmetals

Ionic: Composed of a cation (metal) and an anion (non metal)
-Always contain positive and negative ions
-The charges must cancel each other out
-Formula reflects the smallest whole-number ratio

Question 4

Naming: Ionic Binary Compound (Only contain two different elements)

Answer 4

Name of metal (cation) + base name of non metal(anion)

Question 5

Naming: Ionic Compounds w/ Transition Metals

Answer 5

-Transition metals have more than one possible charge
-Determine the charge of the ion from this equation:
-(Anion subscript)(Anion charge)/ Cation Subscript
-Indicate ion charge with a roman numeral in parenthesis
Ex: Chromium (III) Bromide

Question 6

Polyatomic Ions:
Acetate
Carbonate
Bicarbonate
Hydroxide
Nitrite
Ammonium

Answer 6

C2H3O2 ^-
CO3 ^2-
HCO3 ^-
OH ^-
NO2 ^-
NH4 ⁺

Question 7

Nitrate
Chromate
Dichromate
Phosphate
Hydrogen Phosphate
Dihydrogen Phosphate

Answer 7

NO3 ^-
CrO4 ^2-
Cr2O7 ^2-
PO4 ^3-
HPO4 ^2-
H2PO4 ^-

Question 8

Hypochlorite
Chlorite
Chlorate
Perchlorate
Sulfite

Answer 8

ClO ^-
ClO2 ^-
ClO3 ^-
ClO4 ^-
SO3 ^2-

Question 9

Bisulfite
Sulfate
Bisulfate
Cyanide
Iodate
Bromate

Answer 9

HSO3 ^-
SO4 ^2-
HSO4 ^-
CN ^-
IO3 ^-
BrO3 ^-

Question 10

Naming: Binary Molecular Compounds
Remember: Nonmetals only

Answer 10

Prefix: mono, di, tri, tetra, penta, hexa, hepta, octa, nona, deca
Omit “mono” if only one of 1st element, but not for 2nd

Prefix + name of 1st element + prefix + base of 2nd element, +ide

We do not reduce molecular compounds

Question 11

Naming: Binary Acids

Answer 11

Hydro + base name of nonmetal + ic + acid

All acids start with “H”

Question 12

Naming: Oxoacids

Answer 12

Contain hydrogen & an oxyanion

Oxyanion ending w/ -ate –> base name + ic + acid

Oxyanion ending w/ ite –> base name + ous+ acid

Question 13

Chemical Bonding; Why does it happen?

Answer 13

-Atoms form bonds to lower their potential (the higher the energy, the more unstable they are)
-Bonds allow unpaired e- to become paired

Question 14

Ionic Bond

Answer 14

-Metal & Nonmetal (electrical attraction)

Based on two chemical properties:
1. Ionization energies; metals (cation) want to give up e- to the nonmetal (anion)
2. Electron Affinity; nonmetals accept e-

Question 15

Covalent Bond

Answer 15

-Electrons are shared between two atoms

-Two types of covalent bonds based on differences in electronegativity
1. Polar Covalent; Electrons are not shared equally. The more electronegative the atom, the more e- are pulled
2. Nonpolar Covalent: Electrons are essentially shared equally ( mostly C-C, C-H, or two of the same atom)