IOD Inflammation

Question 1

What is inflammation?

Answer 1

body’s response to any form of cellular injury

removes injurious agents, clear dead tissue and trigger healing of damaged tissue-protective

Question 2

types?

Answer 2

acute-rapid transient, vascular changes and neutrophil accumulation
chronic-persistent form , ongoing damage and repair

Question 3

Acute inflammation

Answer 3

cytokines-histamine serotonin , prostaglandins, leukotrienes and PAF
vascular changes and neutrophil leukocytosis and accumulation in area of damage

Question 4

vascular changes?

Answer 4

dilation of vessels increasing blood flow
increased permeability of capillaries -exudate
coagulation cascade and fibrin plug

Question 5

neutrophil leukocytosis?

Answer 5

increased neutrophils
endothelial cell activation leads to more iCAM-1 VCAM-1 to migrate to site of damage
formation of acute inflammatory exudate in area of damage (fluid, fibrin and neutrophils)
phagocytosis and tissue breakdown

Question 6

AI?

Answer 6

cell injury, vascular changes, neutrophil leukocytosis

Question 7

local effects?

Answer 7

warmth, redness, swelling, pain, loss of function

Question 8

systemic effects?

Answer 8

IL1, IL6 , TNFa

fever, acute phase proteins, hormone production causing malaise, weakness, appetite loss

Question 9

CRP?

Answer 9

acute phase protein made via IL6 and macrophages in liver-opsonin
bind to bacteria cell walls/phosphocholine and help phagocytosis and complement activation
non-specific-burns trauma PMR GCA
independent rf for AS

Question 10

outcomes of AI?

Answer 10

regeneration-replaced
repair-scarring
chronic

Question 11

what do outcomes depend on?

Answer 11

severity of injury-

type of cell damaged-

Question 12

regeneration?

Answer 12

complete restoration of normal structure and function
limited damage to tissue/CT
damaged cells can regenerate-epithelia

Question 13

Example of regeneration?

Answer 13

split skin thickness graft-all epidermis and half dermis
dermatome harvests skin and put in site
spontaneous regeneration

Question 14

Repair?

Answer 14

fibrous scar formation
dmaage to Ct/tissue
cannotregenerate
organisation-replacement of exudate by granulation tissue-capillaries-macrophages and fibrioblasts
scar-fibroblasts and fibrous tissue-collagen
loss of specialised function

Question 15

abcess?

Answer 15

localised collection of pus in newly-formed cavity in any solid tissue
pyogenic causes-Staph aureus
inflammation causes neutrophil migration and release lysosomal enzymes and exotoxins
cavity forms-pus
incision and draining

Question 16

abcess zones?

Answer 16

pus-liquedfied dead tissues with deada dn dying neutrophils, fibrin and oedema
edge-living neutrophils and fibrin
wall/membrane-inner granulation tissue and caps
outer fibroblastic tissue for repair and barrier

Question 17

empyema?

Answer 17

accumulation of us in pre-existing cavity

Question 18

chronic?

Answer 18

weeks or longer-tissue destruction and heal with irreversible scarring
eg persistent infection,AI disease non-living material

Question 19

process of CI?

Answer 19

persistent tissue injury and destruction
ongoing inflammation
macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells
fibrosis

Question 20

effects of CI?

Answer 20

scarring
tissue destruction-perforation
cancer
diversion of nutrients-weight loss, anaemia less host resistance
amyloidosis

Question 21

granulomatous?

Answer 21

aggregate of activated epithelioid macrophages

protective in mycobacterial infections

Question 22

causes of granulomatous?

Answer 22

infections-mycobacterial
sarcoidosis
crohns