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Information Technology > IO_Interrupts_Flashcards > Flashcards

IO_Interrupts_Flashcards

1
Q

What are the primary I/O requirements?

A

Addressing devices, device-initiated communication, data transfer efficiency, handling varying device speeds, and control requirement management.

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2
Q

What are I/O interfaces needed for?

A

To handle different data formats, device speed mismatches, and complex device control requirements.

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3
Q

What is programmed I/O?

A

A simple CPU-controlled I/O method where each I/O device requires individual instruction cycles.

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4
Q

What are interrupts?

A

Signals that alter CPU instruction flow, freeing the CPU from waiting for external events.

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5
Q

What is the function of interrupt lines?

A

Special control lines that allow devices to signal the CPU to handle interrupts.

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6
Q

What is an interrupt handler?

A

A program that services the interrupt, also known as an interrupt routine or device driver.

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7
Q

What is the purpose of saving context during an interrupt?

A

To allow the program to resume where it left off after the interrupt is handled.

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8
Q

What is a vectored interrupt?

A

An interrupt with the address of the interrupting device included, requiring additional hardware.

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9
Q

What is a polled interrupt?

A

A method where the CPU checks each device to identify which one triggered the interrupt.

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10
Q

What is Direct Memory Access (DMA)?

A

A technique for transferring data directly between memory and an I/O device without CPU involvement.

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11
Q

When is DMA used?

A

For large data transfers between memory and I/O devices to reduce CPU load.

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12
Q

What are the requirements for DMA to function?

A

Connection of I/O and memory, device controller with memory access, and conflict management.

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13
Q

What are the main functions of an I/O controller?

A

Device recognition, data buffering, memory transfer, physical device control, and CPU communication.

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14
Q

What are the benefits of having separate I/O controllers?

A

Specialized control, simultaneous device management, and CPU workload reduction.

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15
Q

What is a bus?

A

The physical connection that transfers data across computer components.

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16
Q

What are the four types of signals carried by a bus?

A

Data, addressing, control signals, and power.

17
Q

How are buses categorized?

A

By transmission direction, interconnection method, and signal type.

18
Q

What is the difference between parallel and serial buses?

A

Parallel transmits all bits simultaneously, while serial transmits one bit at a time.

19
Q

What are simplex, half-duplex, and full-duplex transmission modes?

A

Simplex is one-way, half-duplex is two-way (one at a time), and full-duplex is two-way simultaneously.

20
Q

What is a point-to-point bus?

A

A bus that connects a single source directly to a single destination.

21
Q

What is a multipoint bus?

A

A bus that connects multiple devices to each other, usually requiring addressing.

22
Q

What are the advantages of a serial bus over a parallel bus?

A

Higher throughput over longer distances due to less electrical interference.

23
Q

What are some examples of devices that might use programmed I/O?

A

Keyboards and basic I/O controllers.

24
Q

What is the role of interrupts in time-sharing?

A

To allocate CPU time among multiple tasks or devices.

25
Q

What is a maskable interrupt?

A

An interrupt that can be turned off or ignored by the CPU.

26
Q

What is an example of a non-maskable interrupt?

A

A power failure signal, as it requires immediate attention.

27
Q

What is a bus line?

A

An individual conductor in the bus used to carry signals.

28
Q

What is a broadcast bus?

A

A multipoint bus that allows data transmission to all devices connected to it, like Ethernet.

29
Q

What does a buffer in an I/O controller do?

A

Holds data temporarily until it can be transferred to the device or CPU.

30
Q

What is the role of privileged I/O instructions in DMA?

A

Used by the OS to set up DMA operations, like data location and transfer direction.

31
Q

What is daisy chaining in the context of interrupts?

A

A method of connecting devices in sequence, where each device passes the interrupt signal along until it reaches the CPU.

32
Q

What is a context switch during an interrupt?

A

Saving the state of the CPU and current program so the interrupt can be handled, then restoring the state afterward.

33
Q

How do polled interrupts identify the interrupting device?

A

The CPU sequentially checks each device’s status to determine the source of the interrupt.

Information Technology (4 decks)

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