Investments Flashcards

1
Q

Initial margin

A

Amount of equity an investor must contribute to enter margin transaction

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2
Q

Maintenance margin

A

Min amount of equity required before margin call

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3
Q

Margin call formula

A

Loan / (1- maintenance margin)

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4
Q

Margin position formulas

A

Equity: stock price per share - loan per share
Margin: equity per share / FMV

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5
Q

Required Equity (margin formula)

A

Stock price x maintenance Margin

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6
Q

Actual equity (margin)

A

Investor must contribute difference between required equity and actual equity
Stock price - debt

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7
Q

Standard deviation

A

Total risk of undiversified portfolio
Bigger SD, the riskier

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8
Q

Standard deviation %

A

1 standard deviation : 68%
2: 95%
3: 99%

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9
Q

Covariance of Variation

A

= standard deviation / average return
Higher , more risky
Useful for comparing 2 assets with different avg returns

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10
Q

Correlation coefficient

A

Measure movement of security relative to another
+1 is perfectly correlated
= stand Dev1 x stand Dev2 x correlation

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11
Q

Beta

A

Measures Systematic risk
Beta of market is 1

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12
Q

Coefficient of determination (r squared)

A

Correlation coefficient squared
Tells investors if beta is appropriate measure of risk
If rsquarwr over 70% use beta

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13
Q

Holding period return

A

(Selling price - purchase price +/- cash flows) / purchase price

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14
Q

Treynor index

A

Uses beta to measure reward achieved relative to risk
Needs to be compared to another Treynor index

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15
Q

Sharpe ratio

A

Provides measure of portfolio performance to risk
Uses standard deviation

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16
Q

Jensens alpha

A

Uses beta
Higher the alpha, better the performance
Negative alpha is underperformance

17
Q

Dollar weighted return

A

Cash flows of investor, not stock

18
Q

Time weighted return

A

Cash flows of the investment
Ex mutual fund

19
Q

Price to earnings ratio (PE ratio)

A

Amount an investor is willing to pay
= price / earnings per share

20
Q

Dividend payout ratio

A

% of firms earnings being paid as dividend
= common stock div / earnings per share

21
Q

Return on Equity

A

Overall profitability of company
= earnings per share / stockholders equity per share

22
Q

Dividend yield

A

Annual dividend as a % of stock price
= div per share / stock price

23
Q

Efficient market hypothesis

A

If market was perfectly efficient, price would be reflective of all info

24
Q

Weak form of efficient market hypothesis

A

Stock prices can be beaten by inside information
Rejects technical analysis

25
Semi strong efficient market hypothesis
All public info reflected in price Rejects technical and fundamental analysis
26
Strong form efficient market hypothesis
Assumes inside info is already reflected in stock price Cannot beat market Rejects fundamental, technical analysis and inside info
27
Duration of zero coupon bonds
Zero coupons always have duration = to maturity Coupon bonds have duration less than maturity
28
Call options When to buy and sell
Buy: believe price will rise Sell: believe price will fall or stay same
29
Put options When to buy or sell
Buy: believe prices will fall Sell: believe prices will rise or stay the same
30
Selling options
Produces income
31
Purchasing options
Protect portfolio from downturn in market
32
Intrinsic value
Call: stock price - strike price Put: strike price - stock price Cannot be less than 0
33
Yields at discount Highest to lowest
Call Moms Cell Now when discount YTC, YTM, CY, NY
34
Real Return Formula
[(1 + investment return) / (1 + inflation)] - 1 x 100
35
conversion value of bond formula
(Par Value / Conversion Price) x Stock Price
36
Tax Exempt Yield Formula
corporate rate x (1 - marginal tax rate)
37
Preemptive Rights
right of existing shareholders to purchase newly issued stock before offered to public -able to keep same % of ownership
38
When to use Treynor VS Sharpe Ratio
Treynor: uses Beta - use for Diversified Portfolio Sharpe: uses Stan Dev - use for Undiversified Portfolio