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Advanced Higher Biology > Investigative Biology > Flashcards

Investigative Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the scientific cycle

A 
Construction of a testable hypotheses 
Experimental design
Gathering, recording and analysis of data
Evaluation of results 
Conclusion
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2
Q

A sound scientific hypothesis…

A

Must be based on established data
Can be tested
Can be proven false

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3
Q

Data can be collected in the form of…

A

Observations (see, smell, hear, taste, touch)

Measurements

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4
Q

Scientists analyse data for….

A

Trends or patterns

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5
Q

After a trend in the results is found…

A

You must accept, revise or reject the hypothesis based on the data from the experiment and continue to analyse until the hypothesis seems sound

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6
Q

Negative results are produced in two cases:…

A

Hypothesis is wrong

Experiment carried out incorrectly

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7
Q

Failure to find an effect is a valid finding as long as…

A

An experiment is well designed

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8
Q

Null hypothesis

A

A statement which proposes that there will be no statistically significant effect as a result of the experiment

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9
Q

Scientific ideas only become accepted once they have been…

A

Peer reviewed ( checked independently)

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10
Q

Communication within the scientific community is incredibly important. It allows findings to be shared with others to further their research.
It is important that…..

A

Methods data, analysis and conclusions are published in scientific reports so the others are able to repeat an experiment

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11
Q

Name ways in which scientific findings are shared

A 
Seminars
Talks
Posters
Confrences
Academic journals
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12
Q

Review articles

A

Scientific journals summarise current knowledge and recent findings in a particular feild

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13
Q

All published data should be….

A

Peer reviewed and critically evaluated with expertise in the relevant field. This ensures scientifically correct information is being shared within the community

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14
Q

Science stories in the media are often….

A

Misrepresented So coverage must be critically evaluated

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15
Q

Ethics

A

Ideas and beliefs about what type of behaviour is morally right or wrong

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16
Q

Science relies on the reporting of….

A

Unbaised presentation of results, citing and providing references snd avoiding plagiarism

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17
Q

The replication of experiments by others reduces

A

The opportunity for dishonesty or the deliberate misuse of science

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18
Q

The three Rs

A

Replacement
Reduction
Refinement

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19
Q

Replacement

A

Replacing the animal with an alternative such as tissue cultures or a less sentient species

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20
Q

Reduction

A

Using the minimalist number of animals in order to obtain results

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21
Q

Refinement

A

Using methods that minimise potential pain, suffering or distress on animals

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22
Q

When using human subjects there are several concepts that must be used to ensure human rights are adhered to

A

In formed consent
The right to withdraw
Confidentiality

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23
Q

The right to withdraw

A

The participants have the ability to remove themselves from a trail at any time during the study

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24
Q

Confidentiality

A

Any data does not identify the subject and they can remain anonymous
Data is not shared without their consent

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25
Q

Risks in a scientific experiment must be considered for the safety of the…

A

Subject species
Individuals
Investigators
Environment

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26
Q

Legislation

A

Laws governing various aspects of science, legislation limits the potential for misuse of studies or data

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27
Q

What can influence scentific research

A

Legislation
Regulation
Policy
Funding

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28
Q

The value or quality of scientific investigations must be justifiable in terms of…

A

Benefits

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29
Q

As a result of the risks involved many areas of scientific research are…

A

Highly regulated and licensed by governments

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30
Q

Validity

A

Variables controlled so that any measured effects is likely to be due to the independent variable

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31
Q

Reliability

A

Consulate values are active in repeates and independent replicates

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32
Q

Accuracy

A

Data, or means of data sets are close to the truest value

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33
Q

Precision

A

Measured values are close to each other

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34
Q

Pilot study

A

Small scale preliminary studies which aim to investigate whether crucial components of a study will be testable

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35
Q

Pilot studies are essential to…

A

Plan procedures, asses validity, check techniques and help evaluate and modify experimental design

36
Q

Pilot studies ensues appropriate values for

A

Independent variables

No. Of repeat measurement

37
Q

Variable

A

Any factor that can be controlled changed or measured in an experiment

38
Q

Continuous variable

A

Can take on infinity, many, uncountable values

Eh. Length , concentration, wavelength

39
Q

Discrete

A

You can have a finite range of values

Colour, presence/absence, shoe size

40
Q

Experiments involve the manipulation of the… by the investigator

A

Independent variable

41
Q

Independent variable

A

Variable that is changed in a scientific experiment

42
Q

Dependent variable

A

Variable that is measured in a scientific experiment

43
Q

An experimental treatment will me compared to a….

A

Control group

44
Q

What is a drawback of simple experiments

A

It’s findings may not be applicable in the field

45
Q

Multifactorial experiment

A

Involves a combination of one independent variable or combination of treatments

46
Q

Confounding variable

A

Variables that may affect the experiment but are not independent or dependent

47
Q

In cases where a confounding variable cannot be controled……

A

a randomised block design could be used

48
Q

Control

A

An experimental group where no treatment is given

49
Q

Negative controls

A

Provides results in the absence of treatments

50
Q

Positive controls

A

A treatment that is included to check that the system can detect a positive result when it occurs

51
Q

Placebos

A

Included as a treatment without the absence of the independent variable being investigated.

52
Q

Placebo effect

A

A measurable change in the dependent variable as a result of patients expectations rather than changes in the independent variable

53
Q

In vivo

A

Experimentation using a whole living organism

54
Q

In vitro

A

Performing a given procedure in a controlled environment outside of a living organism

55
Q

What is an advantage to in vitro

A

Better control of your experiment and any confounding variables

56
Q

What is an advantage to in vivo

A

Better idea of what is going on inside the cell or organism

57
Q

What is an disadvantage to in vitro

A

Not possible for many studies

Does not show effect on non target cells

58
Q

What is an disadvantage to in vivo

A

Living organisms show great variability which can’t really be controlled

59
Q

Representative sample

A

A sample which shows the extent of the natural variation within a population
More variable populations require a larger sample size
Should have the same mean and degree of variation

60
Q

Random sampling

A

Members of the population have an equal chance of being selected

61
Q

Systematic sampling

A

Members of the population are selected at regular intervals

62
Q

Stratified sampling

A

The population is divided into categories that are sampled proportionally

63
Q

Variation in experimental results can be caused by

A

Realisability of measurement methods
Inherent variation in specimens
Precision and accuracy of repeated measurements

64
Q

The reliability of measuring instruments or procedures can be determined by…

A

Repeated measurements or readings of an individual datum point

65
Q

Qualitative data

A

Data which is subjective and descriptive

66
Q

Quantitative data

A

Data that can be measured objectively, equally with a numerical value

67
Q

Ranked data

A

Data transformation in which numerical values are replicated by their rank when data is sorted from lowest to highest

68
Q

Mean

A

The average value of data

69
Q

Median

A

The middle value

70
Q

Mode

A

The most common value

71
Q

Error bars

A

Graphical representations used to indicate error or uncertainty in a reported measurement

72
Q

Correlation

A

An association that does not imply causation

73
Q

Positive correlation

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other

74
Q

Negative correlation

A

When an increase in one variable is accompanied by an increase in the other

75
Q

Scientific reports should contain

A

Explanatory title
Abstracts (aims and findings)
Introduction
Sources (supporting statements, citations and references)

76
Q

An Aim must….

A

Link the independent and the dependent variables

77
Q

The introduction should…

A

Why the study has been carried out

Place the study in the context of existing understanding

78
Q

A method should contain

A

Sufficient information to allow another investor to repeat the work
Should address the intended aim and test the hypothesis
Allow treatment effects to be compared to the controls

79
Q

Any compounding variables should be…

A

Taken into account or standardised across treatments

80
Q

The validity of an experiment may be compromised when…

A

Factors other than the independent variable influences the value of the dependent variable

81
Q

An experimental design that does not address the intended aim or test the hypothesis is…

A

Invalid

82
Q

Selection bias

A

The selection of a sample in a non-random way, so that the sample is not representative of the whole population

83
Q

If the sample size is too small…

A

It cannot be decided without bias whether the change to the independent variable has caused an effect in the dependent variable

84
Q

Statistical tests

A

Used to determine whether the differences between the means are likely or unlikely to have occurred by chance

85
Q

A statistically significant result is one that…

A

Is unlikely to have occurred due to chance alone

Error bars do not overlap

86
Q

Conclusions should include…

A

Reference to the aim, the results and the hypothesis
The validity and reliability of the experimental design
Whether results can be attributed to correlation or causation

87
Q

Evaluations should include

A

Reference to existing knowledge and the results of other investigations
Reveal awareness of the contribution of scientific research to increasing scientific knowledge and to the social, economic and industrial life of the community

Advanced Higher Biology (3 decks)

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