Investigation Proceedings Flashcards
COGNIZABLE ; NON-COGNIZABLE
Offence (actus reus) ≠ Case (Criminal proceeding)(one/more offences)
Case – One cognizable, many non-cognizable?
Cognizable Non- cognizable
S 2(c) + Sch 1 First (Col IV) Second (Col II) – For the purpose of Arrest S 2(l) + Sch 1 First (Col IV) Second (Col II)
Information – S. 154 Information – S. 155
Situations
1 s 154 – on investigation – cognizable = cognizance u/ S. 190 (1)(b)
2 S 154 – on investigation – non-cognizable = cognizance u/ S. 2(d) Explanation + S. 190(1)(a)
3 S 155 – on investigation – non-cognizable = cognizance u/ S. 190 (1)(b)
AREA of offence Area MGISTRATE
Power to investigate + Self cured irregularity S. 155 (+ S. 465(1)) +Permission of Magistrate + irregularity may vitiate
Procedure S 155(3) + S 157-159
Power to prevent cognizable offence – S 149 - 151
154-FIR
S 154 – “Every information…..shall be reduced into writing… shall be signed by person giving it”
Compulsory Registration of FIR (3 cases + 11 guidelines)
Remedies on Non- Registration
Executive remedy – S 154(3) + S 36
Judicial Remedy – S 156(3) ; S 200 ; S 482
Investigation before FIR + Calling 100/102 FIR?
Cryptic Information
Can a child /Lunatic person lodge FIR?
“shall be entered in a book” – FIR diary
Multiple FIRs – FIR in several jurisdictions; FIR by several informants; Same informant - Successive FIRs – for each offence in a case ; Remedy- Quashing of FIR
Cross FIR (Cross-case); Quashing of FIR
Zero Number FIR
Ante- timed FIR
Associated Doctrine / theory
Evidentiary Value of FIR
Victims of Sexual Assault – Procedure – s 154(1)Proviso 2+ S 164(5A)
Legislative error – Recording by Magistrate – Every case
- Videography / Interpreter – Disabled women
Statement to Magistrate when Examination inchief?
Substantive piece of evidence (S 6, 8 expl 1, 21, 32(1), 27)
Previous Statement - Signing hit by S 162 ? (145, 157, 159-160)
Documentary Evidence
Presumption u/ S 80?
Public Document u/ S 74? Privileged Document u/ S 123?
Reliability – Effect of Delay in Lodging FIR – State of Punjab v Gurmit Singh (1996 SC)
156 (3) -POWERS OF MAGISTRATE
POWERS OF MAGISTRATE
Order of Investigation - Non – Cognizable cases – S 155(2)
Order of Investigation - Cognizable cases – S 156 + S 190 – Any magistrate of any area-
1 Cognizance not taken on complaint (S 190(1)(a))
2 Cognizance not taken on information (S 190(1)(c))
3 Refusal to register FIR u/ S 154 by Police
4 Order of Investigation u/S 156 + Improper/Non-investigation by police after registering FIR = Order for proper investigation (Sakiri Vasu v State of UP (2006 SC))
Order of Further Investigation – S 156 (3) + S 173(8)
Order of Investigation after cognizance on complaint – S. 190(1)(a) +S. 156(3)
POWERS OF MAGISTRATE
Order of Investigation - Non – Cognizable cases – S 155(2)
Order of Investigation - Cognizable cases – S 156 + S 190 – Any magistrate of any area-
1 Cognizance not taken on complaint (S 190(1)(a))
2 Cognizance not taken on information (S 190(1)(c))
3 Refusal to register FIR u/ S 154 by Police
4 Order of Investigation u/S 156 + Improper/Non-investigation by police after registering FIR = Order for proper investigation (Sakiri Vasu v State of UP (2006 SC))
Order of Further Investigation – S 156 (3) + S 173(8)
Order of Investigation after cognizance on complaint – S. 190(1)(a) +S. 156(3)
156 - POWER OF POLICE TO INVESTIGATE- 156-157
S 157 (1) “from information received or otherwise”
“reason to suspect”
“empowered under S 156 to investigate” – Cognizable cases only?
“he shall FORTHWTH send a report – of the same to a Magistrate empowered to take cognizance… ” – Occurrence report
Mandatory
Forthwith + Effect of Delay
Magistrate empowered to take cognizance – area Magistrate?
Report (Copy of FIR + endorsement by SHO) – 157/158
Proceedings by Magistrate – s 159 – Denial to investigate by police
“may direct an investigation”- Offence made out- S. 159 – order of investigation
“or,… at once proceed… to hold a preliminary inquiry”- Whether investigation should be made ? S 159 Preliminary inquiry
“or otherwise dispose of” – S 190(1)(c) cognizance on information / S 190(1)(b) cognizance on information – requisition to file complaint
Difference b/w S 159 and 156(3) – Order of Investigation by Magistrate (6)
Difference b/w S 157 and 173(2) – Report by police to Magistrate (6)
POWER OF POLICE TO INVESTIGATE- 156-157
S 157 (1) “from information received or otherwise”
“reason to suspect”
“empowered under S 156 to investigate” – Cognizable cases only?
“he shall FORTHWTH send a report – of the same to a Magistrate empowered to take cognizance… ” – Occurrence report
Mandatory
Forthwith + Effect of Delay
Magistrate empowered to take cognizance – area Magistrate?
Report (Copy of FIR + endorsement by SHO) – 157/158
Proceedings by Magistrate – s 159 – Denial to investigate by police
“may direct an investigation”- Offence made out- S. 159 – order of investigation
“or,… at once proceed… to hold a preliminary inquiry”- Whether investigation should be made ? S 159 Preliminary inquiry
“or otherwise dispose of” – S 190(1)(c) cognizance on information / S 190(1)(b) cognizance on information – requisition to file complaint
Difference b/w S 159 and 156(3) – Order of Investigation by Magistrate (6)
Difference b/w S 157 and 173(2) – Report by police to Magistrate (6)
162- STATEMENTS TO POLICE - 160-163
S 162 – Evidentiary Value (1) “no statement” “made by any person” “to a police officer” “in the course of” “investigation under this chapter” General Prohibition – 1 “shall…be signed” 2 “shall….be used for any purpose” 3 use prohibited for same offence/case, not other offence/case
Exceptions 1 Contradiction – Previous Statement 2 Explanation – Previous Statement 3 Dying Declaration 4 Discovery Statement
160-163- STATEMENTS TO POLICE - 160-163
Keywords of provision S 160 – order of appearance (venue of examination)
“making an investigation under this Chapter”
“may”
“by order in writing” + irregularity
“require the attendance” – production of Documents?
“of any person”
“such person shall attend” – S 174, IPC
S 161 – Examination
(1) “making an investigation under this Chapter”
“may”
“examine orally”
“any person supposed to be acquainted with the facts and circumstances of the case”
(2) “such person shall be bound to answer” – S 179
Conflict b/w S. 132, IEA + S. 161(2)
(3) “may reduce into writing”
“statement made to him”
“in the course of examination ”
“shall make.. separate and true record… each such person” – not boiled form
Witness not examined u/S 161 can be called as witness at trial before Court ? Yes
S 163 – No inducement, threat or promise
(1) + S 24, IEA
(2) “any person” – Conflict with S 164(4) – Proviso
S 162 – Evidentiary Value
Explanation of keywords + concepts
Associated Doctrine / theory
Extra & intra linkages S 160 & S 41A (only to aacused)- Notice of Appearance
164 - STATEMENTS / CONFESSION TO MAGISTRATE + RECORDING
Judicial Magistrate
Area Magistrate
Recording – Compulsory ; Procedure ; Irregularities
Whether substantive piece of evidence?
Essential safeguards while recording confession/ safeguards for voluntary confession
Can accused directly go to JM to record confession?
Confession and Plea of Guilt and Admission of Guilt
167 - NON COMPLETION OF INVESTIGATION 1 police Custody & Judicial Custody 167 (1) Production of accused Arrested and detained – S 41- 44 24 hrs - S 57 ; S 58 Prima facie case Purpose of S 167 (1) 167 (1)(2) Police Remand – 5 situations
2 Default Bail
167 (2) Proviso - Maximum period of Police custody / Judicial Custody
Fundamental Right to Default Bail (Guidelines + Procedure)
S 309 Judicial Remand after chargesheet
169/170 + 173 - COMPLETION OF INVESTIGATION
INQUEST PROCEEDINGS
