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Biology Term 4 > Investigating Diversity > Flashcards

Investigating Diversity Flashcards

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1
Q

What 3 things change as organisms evolve?

A
  • external characteristics
  • internal characteristics
  • molecules they are made from
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2
Q

What determines the proteins ( and therefore enzymes and features) of an organism?

A

DNA

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3
Q

What are changes in the features of a species due to?

A

A change in DNA

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4
Q

What are 2 issues with grouping based of characteristics?

A

-many characteristics are polygenic
- characteristics can be modified by the environment when young

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5
Q

Why do species evolve?

A

Mutations in their DNA sequence

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6
Q

Will more closely related species have more or less similarities in their DNA than distantly related species?

A

More similarities

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7
Q

What allows us to directly observe DNA sequences?

A

Gene technology

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8
Q

What can we use to compare evolutionary relationships?

A

DNA

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9
Q

What are 3 methods of comparing evolutionary relationships?

A

1) comparing DNA
2) comparing mRNA
3) comparing proteins

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10
Q

What does DNA comparison in comparing evolutionary relationships focus on?

A

DNA base sequencing of genes

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11
Q

What does comparisons of mRNA in comparing evolutionary relationships focus on?

A

The DNA that codes for the mRNA

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12
Q

What does comparing proteins in comparing evolutionary relationships focus on?

A

The mRNA that codes for proteins, comparing amino acid sequences and Immunological comparisons of proteins

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13
Q

What principle are immunological techniques based on?

A

The fact that antibodies of one species will respond to specific antigens on proteins (E.G. albumin) in the blood serum of another

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14
Q

In immunological comparisons, what does an increasing amount of precipitation show?

A

A closer evolutionary relationship

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15
Q

What happens after serum albumin from species A is injected into species B?

A

Species B produces antibodies specific to all the antigen sites on the albumin from species A

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16
Q

What happens after serum containing the specific antibodies for albumin is extracted from species B?

A

Serum is mixed with serum from the blood of a third species C

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17
Q

What happens when the antibodies respond to their corresponding antigens on the albumin in the serum of species C?

A

A precipitate forms

18
Q

In immunological comparisons, the greater the number of similar antigens…..

A

The more precipitate is formed (so more closely related)

19
Q

What is the species diversity index?

A

d = N(N-1) / sum of n(n-1)

20
Q

What makes up the biodiversity of an area?

A

Many different species coexisting

21
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The number of species and number species of individuals within each species in a specified area/ one community

22
Q

What is genetic diversity?

A

Number of different alleles of genes in a population

23
Q

What is ecosystem diversity?

A

Range of different habitats within a particular area

24
Q

What is species richness?

A

The number of different species within a community

25
Q

What is species diversity?

A

The relative abundance of the different species within an area

26
Q

What 2 components does the species diversity index take count of?

A

1) species richness
2) species evenness

27
Q

What does a higher species diversity index value indicate?

A

A higher species diversity

28
Q

What is accuracy?

A

The closeness to the true value

29
Q

What is preciseness?

A

Closeness to the mean

30
Q

What is interspecific variation?

A

Variation between members of different species (large differences in DNA)

31
Q

What is intraspecific variation?

A

Differences between individuals of the same species (small differences in DNA base sequences)

32
Q

What 3 genetic factors cause intraspecific variation?

A
  • mutations
  • meiosis
  • fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction
33
Q

In their DNA, what will members of the same species differ by?

A

Same genes but different alleles

34
Q

Why do environmental factors effect intraspecific variation?

A

Each individual is exposed to different factors from the moment of conception

35
Q

What are 3 possible environmental factors?

A
  • hormonal, space, toxins, nurturing, behaviour, light, oxygen, minerals, food
36
Q

Why do we take samples?

A

Members of the same species differ so it is hard to determine a characteristic

37
Q

What are 3 ways bias occurs to make results unreliable?

A

1) selection processes are biased
2) unrepresentative choices
3) can be deliberate or unwitting bias

38
Q

What is random sampling?

A

Taking measurements of individuals, selected from the whole population being investigated randomly

39
Q

What happens when chance creates bias?

A
  • individuals are unrepresentative by chance
  • might just happen to show an extremity
40
Q

How do we remove sampling bias?

A

Remove the involvement of humans

41
Q

What 3 ways reduce bias in a sampling method?

A
  • use random sampling
  • use a large sample size (reduces anomalies influence and chance)
  • do statistical tests on results ( see if variation is chance or another cause)

Biology Term 4 (9 decks)

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