Investigating Diversity

Question 1

What 3 things change as organisms evolve?

Answer 1

• external characteristics
• internal characteristics
• molecules they are made from

Question 2

What determines the proteins ( and therefore enzymes and features) of an organism?

Answer 2

DNA

Question 3

What are changes in the features of a species due to?

Answer 3

A change in DNA

Question 4

What are 2 issues with grouping based of characteristics?

Answer 4

-many characteristics are polygenic
- characteristics can be modified by the environment when young

Question 5

Why do species evolve?

Answer 5

Mutations in their DNA sequence

Question 6

Will more closely related species have more or less similarities in their DNA than distantly related species?

Answer 6

More similarities

Question 7

What allows us to directly observe DNA sequences?

Answer 7

Gene technology

Question 8

What can we use to compare evolutionary relationships?

Answer 8

DNA

Question 9

What are 3 methods of comparing evolutionary relationships?

Answer 9

1) comparing DNA
2) comparing mRNA
3) comparing proteins

Question 10

What does DNA comparison in comparing evolutionary relationships focus on?

Answer 10

DNA base sequencing of genes

Question 11

What does comparisons of mRNA in comparing evolutionary relationships focus on?

Answer 11

The DNA that codes for the mRNA

Question 12

What does comparing proteins in comparing evolutionary relationships focus on?

Answer 12

The mRNA that codes for proteins, comparing amino acid sequences and Immunological comparisons of proteins

Question 13

What principle are immunological techniques based on?

Answer 13

The fact that antibodies of one species will respond to specific antigens on proteins (E.G. albumin) in the blood serum of another

Question 14

In immunological comparisons, what does an increasing amount of precipitation show?

Answer 14

A closer evolutionary relationship

Question 15

What happens after serum albumin from species A is injected into species B?

Answer 15

Species B produces antibodies specific to all the antigen sites on the albumin from species A

Question 16

What happens after serum containing the specific antibodies for albumin is extracted from species B?

Answer 16

Serum is mixed with serum from the blood of a third species C

Question 17

What happens when the antibodies respond to their corresponding antigens on the albumin in the serum of species C?

Answer 17

A precipitate forms

Question 18

In immunological comparisons, the greater the number of similar antigens…..

Answer 18

The more precipitate is formed (so more closely related)

Question 19

What is the species diversity index?

Answer 19

d = N(N-1) / sum of n(n-1)

Question 20

What makes up the biodiversity of an area?

Answer 20

Many different species coexisting

Question 21

What is species diversity?

Answer 21

The number of species and number species of individuals within each species in a specified area/ one community

Question 22

What is genetic diversity?

Answer 22

Number of different alleles of genes in a population

Question 23

What is ecosystem diversity?

Answer 23

Range of different habitats within a particular area

Question 24

What is species richness?

Answer 24

The number of different species within a community

Question 25

What is species diversity?

Answer 25

The relative abundance of the different species within an area

Question 26

What 2 components does the species diversity index take count of?

Answer 26

1) species richness 2) species evenness

Question 27

What does a higher species diversity index value indicate?

Answer 27

A higher species diversity

Question 28

What is accuracy?

Answer 28

The closeness to the true value

Question 29

What is preciseness?

Answer 29

Closeness to the mean

Question 30

What is interspecific variation?

Answer 30

Variation between members of different species (large differences in DNA)

Question 31

What is intraspecific variation?

Answer 31

Differences between individuals of the same species (small differences in DNA base sequences)

Question 32

What 3 genetic factors cause intraspecific variation?

Answer 32

- mutations - meiosis - fusion of gametes in sexual reproduction

Question 33

In their DNA, what will members of the same species differ by?

Answer 33

Same genes but different alleles

Question 34

Why do environmental factors effect intraspecific variation?

Answer 34

Each individual is exposed to different factors from the moment of conception

Question 35

What are 3 possible environmental factors?

Answer 35

- hormonal, space, toxins, nurturing, behaviour, light, oxygen, minerals, food

Question 36

Why do we take samples?

Answer 36

Members of the same species differ so it is hard to determine a characteristic

Question 37

What are 3 ways bias occurs to make results unreliable?

Answer 37

1) selection processes are biased 2) unrepresentative choices 3) can be deliberate or unwitting bias

Question 38

What is random sampling?

Answer 38

Taking measurements of individuals, selected from the whole population being investigated randomly

Question 39

What happens when chance creates bias?

Answer 39

- individuals are unrepresentative by chance - might just happen to show an extremity

Question 40

How do we remove sampling bias?

Answer 40

Remove the involvement of humans

Question 41

What 3 ways reduce bias in a sampling method?

Answer 41

- use random sampling - use a large sample size (reduces anomalies influence and chance) - do statistical tests on results ( see if variation is chance or another cause)