Inverts Terms and Definitions (Exam Prep) Flashcards
To understand how each of these terms connects to each other.
Totipotency
Toti = all Potent = living
Toti = all / Potent = living/able to survive
> The ability of a single cell to !!!divide!!! and produce all the differentiated cells in an organism.
- Examples of totipotent cells are spores and zygotes.
- Each cell in a sponge colony has the potential to start an entire new colony. = Totipotency
Exoskeleton
A hard outer covering made of chitin.
Endoskeleton
Made of calcium carbonate, cartilage, or bone.
Invertebrate
Animals without backbones but with exoskeletons.
Lateral
Away from the midline on the body.
Dorsal
Refers to the posterior/back.
Eg, humans’ backside. back of the head, butt, calves, etc…
Ventral
Refers to the anterior/front.
Eg, humans facing forward or in a mirror.
Ecdysis
Moulting.
- Shedding of layers
Chlipeds
Claws, the first pair of appendages with claws.
Mandibles
Jaws, a pair of jaw-like feeding appendages found in myriapods, hexapods, and crustaceans.
Autotomy
the ability of an organism to drop a body part and regenerate a new one.
Pleopods
Abdominal appendages.
Cephalothorax
Clues:
Ceph = head
head and thorax fused together.
Operculum
Protective gill cover.
Pereopods
Walking legs of decapods.
What is a Buccal opening?
A buccal opening is an opening around the mouth where water and food enters.
Atrial siphon
A tube through which invertebrate chordates expel digestive and metabolic wastes.
Pharyngeal basket
Clues:
Phylum chordata
a feeding structure in sea squirts.
- which is a type of pharyngeal gill formed into a mesh-like basket.
- Cilia on the gill draw water into the mouth, through the basket mesh, and out the excurrent siphon.
Pinacoderm
the outer layer of the sponge body made up of pinacocytes.
Pinacocytes
thin, flat cells that line the outer surface of a sponge.
Porocytes
Pore = hole Cyte = Cell
Tubular cells
(The hole-like dents in sponges)
Function:
allows water to flow from the outside of the sponge to its central cavity.
Choanocytes/Collar cell
Collar cells inside the colony that filter feed.
- Have flagellum creating water currents.
Spicules
small fibres of calcium carbonate or silicon dioxide that make up the primary skeleton structure of some sponges.
Mesohyl
a jelly-like fluid between the two layers (outer layer and inner layer) of cells (pinacocytes and choanocytes) of a sponge.
Amoebocytes + its functions
Mobile cells that move around the mesohyl between the pinacocyte layer and choanocyte layer.
Functions:
- Absorb food + Digest it
- Transport of food particles to nonfeeding cells in the colony
- Secrete spicules
- Split in 2, to form eggs for sexual reproduction.
Amoebocytes
Found in sponges, these cells are mobile and perform numerous functions, including reproduction, transport of food particles to nonfeeding cells, and secretion of material that forms the spicules. (Wandering cells)
Osculum
The opening at the top of sponges where the water goes out (is expelled)
Flagellum/Flagella
A hairlike structure that grows out of a cell and enables the cell to move.
- Water currents generated by beating flagella
Cyte(s)
Cell(s)
Phagocytosis
Phage = eating / Cyte = cell
> Cell eating
A process in which particles get ingested and engulfed by amoebocytes.
Budding
a form of asexual reproduction in which a new individual develops from the parent organism.
Hermaphrodite
An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.
Dioecious
Having male and female reproductive organs in separate plants or animals.
Diploblastic
2 derm (skin) layers
Mesoglea
A jelly-like substance between the inner layer and outer layer of cells in a cnidarian.
Layers, epidermis + gastrodermis.
Nematocysts
An organelle consisting of a coiled, thread-like stinger that sits in its small capsule until triggered to pounce out and inject toxins into prey or predators.
Cnidocytes
Stinging cells used in defense and capturing prey.
Fission
A reproductive mode in Cnidarians.
Triploblastic
3 derm layers.
- Epiderm
- Gastroderm
- Mesoderm
Cephalization
= Bilateral symmetry
The gathering of sensory organs and brain structures in the anterior region.
Ceph = head
Stylets
Sharp, piercing organs in the mouth of Nemertians.
Epitoky
a type of reproduction in some polychaetes.
Involves:
the production of a reproductive individual that is adapted for a free-swimming existence.
Telson and Uropods
structures that make up the paddle-like tail of the crayfish.
Pelagic
Organisms that live in the water column away from the ocean bottom.
Maxilipeds
An appendage modified for feeding.
- Situated in pairs
Dorsoventrally flattened
flattened from the top down.
Eg, flatworm
Laterally compressed
a body that is flattened from side to side.
Eg, an angle fish
Carina
A protective shield made out of calcareous (calcium carbonate)
Stolon
An outgrowth of a sponge.
Mantle
A thick epidermis that forms a body cavity.
Function:
to house the gills, nephridia (invert organ), and mantle cavity.
Visceral mass
(Bag of guts) Housing all of the internal digestive organs.
Muscular foot
Used for locomotion
Radula
An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths.
Cerata
Terms involved: Nudibranchs Defensive weapons Structure External
An anatomical structure found externally in nudibranchs.
Functions:
as a gill and as a defensive weapon.
Rhinophores
Clues:
Scent
Taste
Sensory tentacles
Adductor muscles
are strong muscles that keep Bivalve shells hinged and held closed together.
Pentamerous radial symmetry
Animals arranged into 5 (five) regions around an oral/aboral axis.
Lophophore
The lophophore is a feeding organ of the Lophophorata species.
- crown of ciliated tentacles surrounding the mouth.
