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AGRC1021 End Sem > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are the key characteristics of bilaterian animals?

A

Bilateral symmetry and three germ layers

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2
Q

In a phylogenetic tree what is a basal taxon?

A

A lineage that diverges early in the history of a group

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3
Q

What is a hemocoel?

A

A body cavity where blood circulates - not completely lined with mesoderm

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4
Q

What does acoelomate refer to?

A

An animal lacking a coelom or body cavity

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5
Q

What are the key characteristics of bilaterian animals?

A

Bilaterian animals have:
1. bilateral symmetry
2. three germ layers
3. a complete digestive tract.

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6
Q

What is a basal taxon in a phylogenetic tree?

A

A basal taxon is the earliest diverging lineage in a phylogenetic tree representing the common ancestor of all other taxa in the tree.

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7
Q

What is a coelom?

A

A coelom is a fluid-filled body cavity completely lined by mesoderm.

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8
Q

What phylum do sponges belong to?

A

Porifera

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9
Q

How do sponges primarily feed?

A

Filter feeding

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10
Q

What is the central cavity of a sponge called?

A

Spongocoel

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11
Q

What type of cells in sponges are responsible for engulfing bacteria and food particles?

A

Choanocytes

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12
Q

What is the function of amoebocytes in sponges?

A

They take up food digest it

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13
Q

What material can sponge spicules be made of?

A

Calcium carbonate or silica

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14
Q

What is the gelatinous region between the two layers of cells in a sponge called?

A

Mesohyl

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15
Q

What is the term for an organism that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction?

A

Hermaphrodite

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16
Q

What is the significance of amoebocytes being totipotent?

A

They can become other types of sponge cells.

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17
Q

What is the larger opening through which water flows out of a sponge called?

A

Osculum

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18
Q

What is sequential hermaphroditism?

A

It is when an organism functions first as one sex and then as the other.

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19
Q

What is the primary function of cnidocytes in cnidarians?

A

Defense and prey capture

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20
Q

What is the central digestive compartment in cnidarians called?

A

Gastrovascular cavity

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21
Q

Which form of cnidarian is primarily sessile?

A

Polyp

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22
Q

What type of body symmetry do cnidarians exhibit?

A

Radial symmetry

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23
Q

Which cnidarian form is known for its free-swimming capability?

A

Medusa

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24
Q

What are the two major clades of the phylum Cnidaria?

A

Medusozoa and Anthozoa

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25
What specialized cnidae contain a toxic stinging thread?
Nematocysts
26
How do cnidarians coordinate their movements?
Noncentralised nerve net
27
What is the primary method of movement for medusae?
Passive drifting and contractions of the bell-shaped body
28
What is the function of the gastrovascular cavity in cnidarians?
Digestion and nutrient distribution
29
Which clade includes all cnidarians that produce a medusa?
Medusozoa
30
What is a characteristic feature of cubozoans?
Box-shaped medusa stage
31
What is the primary habitat of most cubozoans?
Tropical oceans
32
Which hydrozoan is known to exist only in polyp form?
Hydras
33
What is the life cycle stage of scyphozoans that is typically brief or absent in open ocean species?
Polyp stage
34
What is the primary danger associated with the sting of Chironex fleckeri?
Intense pain and potential for respiratory failure, cardiac arrest and death
35
What clade do sea anemones and corals belong to?
Anthozoa
36
What form do anthozoans occur in?
Polyps
37
What material do many coral species secrete to form their exoskeleton?
Calcium carbonate
38
What is a major threat to coral reefs and anemones?
Climate change
39
What do coral reefs provide habitat for?
Many other species
40
What type of symmetry do members of the clade Bilateria exhibit?
Bilateral symmetry
41
What is the body cavity of most bilaterians called?
Coelom or haemocoel
42
What is the name of the oldest widely accepted bilaterian fossil?
Kimberella
43
During which period did many bilaterian groups first appear in the fossil record?
Cambrian explosion
44
Which of the following is NOT one of the three major clades of bilaterally symmetrical animals?
Cnidaria
45
What structure do some lophotrochozoans develop that functions in feeding?
Lophophore
46
How many phyla are classified within the Lophotrochozoa clade?
18
47
Which of the following is NOT one of the six diverse lophotrochozoan phyla introduced?
Nematodes
48
Hermaphrodite
An individual that functions as both male and female in sexual reproduction by producing both sperm and eggs.
49
Planarian
A free-living flatworm found in ponds and streams.
50
Brachiopod
A marine lophotrochozoan with a shell divided into dorsal and ventral halves; also called lamp shells.
51
Visceral mass
One of the three main parts of a mollusc; the part containing most of the internal organs.
52
Water vascular system
A network of hydraulic canals unique to echinoderms that branches into extensions called tube feet, which function in locomotion and feeding.
53
Polyp
The sessile variant of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the medusa.
54
Cnidocyte
A specialised cell unique to the phylum Cnidaria; contains a capsule-like organelle housing a coiled thread that when discharged explodes outwards and functions in prey capture or defence.
55
Chelicera
(plural, chelicerae) One of a pair of clawlike feeding appendages characteristic of chelicerates.
56
Medusa
(plural, medusae) The floating, mouth-down form of the cnidarian body plan. The alternate form is the polyp.
57
Gastrovascular cavity
A central cavity with a single opening in the body of certain animals, including cnidarians and flatworms, that functions in both the digestion and distribution of nutrients.
58
Protonephridium
(plural, protonephridia) An excretory system (such as the flame bulb system of flatworms) consisting of a network of tubules lacking internal openings.
59
Chelicerate
An arthropod that has chelicerae and a body divided into a cephalothorax and an abdomen. Living chelicerates include: sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks and spiders.
60
Book lung
An organ of gas exchange in spiders consisting of stacked plates contained in an internal chamber.
61
Parthenogenesis
A form of asexual reproduction in which females produce offspring from unfertilised eggs.
62
Radula
A straplike scraping organ used by many molluscs during feeding.
63
Arachnid
A member of a subgroup of the major arthropod clade Chelicerata. Arachnids have six pairs of appendages including four pairs of walking legs and include: spiders, scorpions, ticks and mites.
64
Exoskeleton
A hard encasement on the surface of an animal (such as the shell of a mollusc or the cuticle of an arthropod) that provides protection and points of attachment for muscles.
65
filter feeder
An animal that feeds by using a filtration mechanism to strain small organisms or food particles from its surroundings.
66
Choanocyte
A flagellated feeding cell found in sponges. - Also called a collar cell - it has a collar-like ring that traps food particles around the base of its flagellum.
67
Echinoderm
A slow-moving or sessile marine deuterostome with a water vascular system and (in larvae) a bilateral symmetry. Echinoderms include: sea stars, brittle stars, sea urchins, feather stars, and sea cucumbers.
68
Pancrustacean
A member of a diverse arthropod clade that includes: lobsters, crabs barnacles, and other crustaceans, as well as insects and their six-legged terrestrial relatives.
69
Open circulatory system
A circulatory system in which fluid called haemolymph bathes the tissues and organs directly and there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the interstitial fluid.
70
Spongocoel
The central cavity of a sponge.
71
Ectoproct
A sessile
72
Mantle cavity
A water-filled chamber that houses the gills anus and excretory pores of a mollusc.
73
Complete metamorphosis
The transformation of a larva into an adult that looks very different and often functions very differently in its environment than the larva.
74
Osculum
A large opening in a sponge that connects the spongocoel to the environment.
75
Cuticle
Any of a variety of tough but flexible non-mineral outer coverings of an organism or parts of an organism which provide protection.
76
Alimentary canal
A complete digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.
77
Ammonite
A member of a group of shelled cephalopods that were important marine predators for hundreds of millions of years until their extinction at the end of the Cretaceous period (65.5 million years ago).
78
Arthropod
A segmented ecdysozoan with a hard exoskeleton and jointed appendages. Familiar examples include: insects, spiders, millipedes and crabs.
79
Nematocyst
In a cnidocyte of a cnidarian a capsule-like organelle containing a coiled thread that when discharged can penetrate the body wall of the prey.
80
Myriapod
A terrestrial arthropod with many body segments and one or two pairs of legs per segment. - Millipedes and centipedes are the two major groups of living myriapods.
81
Amoebocyte
An amoeba-like cell that moves by pseudopodia and is found in most animals. Depending on the species it may digest and distribute food dispose of wastes form skeletal fibres fight infections or change into other cell types.
82
Eurypterid
An extinct carnivorous chelicerate; also called a water scorpion.
83
incomplete metamorphosis
A type of development in certain insects (such as grasshoppers - in which the young called nymphs resemble adults but are smaller and have different body proportions). - The nymph goes through a series of molts each time looking more like an adult
84
Mantle
One of the three main parts of a mollusc; a fold of tissue that drapes over the mollusc’s visceral mass and may secrete a shell.
85
tube foot
One of numerous extensions of an echinoderm’s water vascular system. Tube feet function in locomotion and feeding.
86
Moulting
A process in ecdysozoans in which the exoskeleton is shed at intervals, allowing growth by the production of a larger exoskeleton.
87
Mesohyl
A gelatinous region between the two layers of cells of a sponge.

AGRC1021 End Sem (6 decks)

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