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Midterm 2 > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

Which phylum is made up of ribbon worms?

A

nemerteans

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2
Q

What is the common name of the nemerteans?

A

Ribbon worms

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3
Q

nemerteans - what is the rhynchocoels function?

A

It contains the proboscis and it is a hydrostatic chamber

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4
Q

nemerteans - what is the proboscis used for?

A

To capture prey

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5
Q

How can you distinguish nemerteans ( ribbon worms) from platyhelminths (flatworms?)

A

Ribbon worms have a proboscis to capture prey. Flatworms have an extensible pharynx. The difference is that the pharynx is connected to the digestive cavity and the proboscis is not.

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6
Q

mollusks - What is the radula?

A

It is a tongue like structure used for feeding made out of chitinous ribbon which scrapes and cuts food like micro teeth

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7
Q

mollusks - what is the outer layer of the shell called?

A

periostracum

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8
Q

mollusks - which layer is the periostracum? What is it made out of?

A

The outer layer. it’s the rough proteinaceous layer and can be very thin.

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9
Q

mollusks - What is the middle layer of the shell called?

A

The Prismatic layer

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10
Q

mollusks - which layer is it a prismatic? What is it made of?

A

The middle layer. it’s mostly calcium carbonate with protein and chitin.

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11
Q

mollusks - what is the inner layer of the shell called

A

the Nacreous layer

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12
Q

mollusks - which layer is that Nacreous? what is it made out of?

A

The innermost layer. it’s mostly made of calcium carbonate with chitin, gelatinous protein,
+ aragonite within the gel

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13
Q

mollusks - what are the two basic body regions?

A
  1. head-foot

2. Visceral Mass

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14
Q

mollusks - what makes up the head-foot? [2]

A

The radula and the foot ( which secretes mucus)

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15
Q

mollusks - what makes up the visceral Mass? [4]

A
  1. The mantle ( secretes the shell)
  2. the circulatory and excretory system
  3. Ctenidia ( comb like gills)
  4. Osphradium ( chemosensory organ - smelling)
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16
Q

mollusks - which is the planktonic larval form (trocophore or veliger) ?

A

trocophore

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17
Q

mollusks -which is the swimming larval form (trocophore or veliger) ?

A

veliger

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18
Q

mollusks - if the ________ larva develops first, it’s possible that the _________ larva will come after

A

trocophore (1st)

veliger (2nd possibly)

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19
Q

mollusks - ‘-podeh’ naming scheme represents _____- based mollusks

A

foot-based

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20
Q

mollusks - ‘-placophora’ naming scheme represents _____- based mollusks

A

shell-based

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21
Q

mollusks ( smaller groups) - what is a defining characteristic of the Caudofoveata and Solenohastres classes?

A

They don’t have a shell and a worm like. they use their radula for grasping

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22
Q

mollusks ( smaller groups) - what is a defining characteristic of the Monoplacophora class?

A

They have a single shell

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23
Q

mollusks ( smaller groups) - what is a defining characteristic of the Scaphopoda class?

A

They have tentacles called captacula

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24
Q

mollusks ( smaller groups) - what is a defining characteristic of the Polyplacophora class?

A

Their shell is made up of multiple pieces (8 valves)

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25
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - what are the different types of coiling?

A
  1. Planospiral ( symmetrical, ancestral)

2. Conispiral ( asymmetrical, has different handedness)

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26
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - are Planospiral shells symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

Symmetrical

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27
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - are conispiral shells symmetrical or asymmetrical?

A

asymmetric

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28
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - Are DEXTRAL conispiral shells spiralling clockwise or counterclockwise?

A

Clockwise

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29
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - Are SINISTRAL conispiral shells spiralling clockwise or counterclockwise?

A

counterclockwise

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30
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - torsion is the _________ of the visceral mass and mantle cavity

A

180 degree Rotation

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31
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - when does torsion occur?

A

In the embryo

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32
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - what is the purpose of torsion?

A

It allows for sediment buildup removal and that acts as protection by bringing in the foot last since it is more tough than the rest of the body

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33
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - what is a consequence of torsion?

A

It results in self-fouling

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34
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - what do these have instead of gills?

A

pneumostome in their pulmonates

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35
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - how does respiration work

A

Air is brought in through a pneumostome ( a modified Gill structure)

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36
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - the PULMONATA class lives land or in water?

A

Land

37
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - the PROSOBRANCHIA class lives land or in water?

A

Water

38
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - the OPISTHOBRANCHIA class lives land or in water?

A

Water

39
Q

mollusks [GASTROPODS] - what are the 3 sub-classes

A
  1. Pulmonata
  2. Prosobranchia
  3. Opisthobranchia
40
Q

mollusks [BIVALVES] - what is the gelatinous rod that’s inside the stomach called?

A

A crystalline Style

41
Q

mollusks [BIVALVES] - how does the Cilia work with the crystalline Style?

A

Cilia rotate the style and allow it to extend into the esophagus

42
Q

mollusks [BIVALVES] - what happens to the crystalline style once it has been extended into the esophagus?

A

The styles mucous tail will rotate and extend out of the mouth to bring food in

43
Q

mollusks [BIVALVES] - which shell layer secretions form a pearl?

A

Layers of the NACRE secrete around an irritant ( grain of sand) to form a pearl

44
Q

mollusks [BIVALVES] - how did they respire?

A

Using CTENIDIAL GILLS

45
Q

mollusks [BIVALVES] - what is the GLOCHIDIUM larvae?

A

It’s a specialized form of the VELIGER larva ( swimming).

It’s referred to as The Hitch-Hiker larvae as it has spikes to grab fish and prey

46
Q

mollusks [BIVALVES] - how many chambers are in their hearts

A

They have a 3-chambered heart

47
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - What creatures are in this group?

A

Squids, octopus, cuttlefish

48
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - what is the nautilus [ their distinguishing feature]?

A

A reduced shell that is used for buoyancy, not protection

49
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - how is the nautilus maintain its buoyancy?

A

[ similar to jet propulsion] water is pushed in and out of the chambered Shell through a siphon. This allows the animal to swim

50
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - how do they feed?

A

they use a CHITINOUS BEAK to tear food apart

51
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - is their circulatory system open or closed?

A

Closed

52
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - how does the circulatory system work?

A

3 different hearts -

  1. systemic ( pushes Blood Out to the tissues)
  2. branchial ( one associated with each Gill, pumps blood back and forth over the gills)
53
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - what are the three subclasses

A
  1. Nautiloidea
  2. Ammonoidea (extinct)
  3. Coleoidea
54
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - what are the orders of the Coleoidea?

A
  1. cuttlefish (SEPIIDA)
  2. squid (TEUTHIDA)
  3. octopus (OCTOPODA)
  4. vampire squid (VAMPYROMORPHOPODIA)
55
Q

mollusks [CEPHALOPODS] - colour change works because of layers of multicellular ___________ coupled with the bioluminescence caused by _______

A

colour change works because of layers of multicellular CHROMATOPHORES coupled with the bioluminescence caused by PHOTOCYTES

56
Q

annelids - what kind of animals are part of this phylum?

A

peanut worms, spoon worms, leeches

57
Q

Annelids - what is meant by true metameric Segmentation?

A

Reproductive organs and other organs are repeated

58
Q

Annelids - what’s the difference between metanephridia and pronephridia?

A

Meta pulls filtrate in but does not filter.

Pro filters.

59
Q

annelids [POLYCHAETES] - what is the distinguishing feature?

A

They appear to have bristles [‘chaeta’]

60
Q

annelids [POLYCHAETES] - what is the atoke form?

A

The non-reproductive form.

No reproductive tissues or gametes.

61
Q

annelids [POLYCHAETES] - what is the epitoke form?

A

the sexual reproductive form

62
Q

annelids [POLYCHAETES] - what are the three body segments of the trocophore larva?

A
  1. PROTOtroch
  2. METAtroch
  3. TELOtroch
63
Q

annelids [POLYCHAETES] -how do spoon worms (ECHIURA) feed?

A

They have a ciliated spoon-shaped proboscis

64
Q

annelids [CLITELLATA] - what animals make up this group?

A

Earthworms and leeches

65
Q

annelids [CLITELLATA] - what is the CLITELLUM?

A

Thick band that produces a slime tube

66
Q

annelids [CLITELLATA] - how do earthworms reproduce?

A

they lay belly to belly + a tube is created between them.

Each worm will eventually produce its own eggs and sperm will be stored in the spermathecean until fertilization

67
Q

annelids [CLITELLATA] - what happens in earthworm fertilization?

A
  1. Eggs and sperm are deposited into the Slime tube
  2. the worm backs out of the Slime tube
  3. fertilization occurs in the Slime tube which becomes a cocoon for the juvenile to develop in
68
Q

smaller lophotrochozoan groups [CYCLIOPHORA] - describe this complex life cycle in 6 steps

A
  1. CHORDOID larva settles on its host (a lobster’s mouth)
  2. Asexual reproduction cycle begins with INNER BUDDING
  3. the new adult produces either male [PROMETHEUS LARVA] for female buds
  4. sexual reproduction cycle begins with the Prometheus larva attaching to a female larvae
  5. the Prometheus larva produces buds that develop into secondary males that the females reproduce with
  6. the embryo develops and begins to eat the female from the inside out
69
Q

smaller lophotrochozoan groups [CYCLIOPHORA] - what are the differences between the ENTROprocta + ECTOproctum phyla?

A

ENTO - PSEUDOceolomate, they use NONRETRACTABLE tentacles to feed
ECTO - EUceolomate, they use RETRACTABLE lophophores to feed

70
Q

smaller lophotrochozoan groups [CYCLIOPHORA] - what is a lophophore?

A

A feeding structure that looks like a ring of tentacles

71
Q

smaller lophotrochozoan groups [CYCLIOPHORA] - BRACHIOPODS looks similar to by the mollusks. How are they different?

A
  1. They use lophophore arms to feed

2. they have adductor + DIDUCTOR muscles

72
Q

nemata - what kind of animals are in this phylum?

A

Roundworms, parasites, pinworms, hookworms, eyeworms

73
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - which worm makes up this group?

A

Roundworms

74
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - what kind of coelom?

A

either PSEUDO- or EU-

75
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - what is there distinguishing feature?

A

Instead of peripheral nerves, their muscles have an ‘arm’ that attaches to the nerve cord

76
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - what is there a cuticle made up of?

A

Non elastic collagen

77
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - how do they move?

A

they have LONGITUDINAL muscles that attach to the hypodermis and work in opposition to the cuticle.
Muscle has an arm that attaches to the Nerve cord.

78
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - what makes up their nervous system?

A

Dorsal and ventral nerve cords

79
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - which species are parasitic?

A
  1. intestinal roundworm (ASCARIS)
  2. pinworms (ENTEROBIUS)
  3. hookworms (NECATOR)
  4. muscle parasites (TRICHINELLA)
80
Q

nemata [NEMATODES] - what are the different types of FILARIAL roundworms

A
  1. heartworms

2. eyeworms

81
Q

panarthropoda [ONYCHOPHORA] - what is the common name for the organism?

A

Velvet worms

82
Q

panarthropoda [ONYCHOPHORA] - how do these feed?

A

they have oral papillae that spits out slime that Hardens their prey then you can use their jaws can grasp prey

83
Q

panarthropoda [ONYCHOPHORA] - what characteristics do they share with arthropods?

A
  1. antenna
  2. open circulatory system
  3. paired mandibles
  4. walking legs with claws
84
Q

panarthropoda [TARDIGRADES] - what is the common name for this organism?

A

Water bears

85
Q

panarthropoda [TARDIGRADES] - how are these similar to arthropods?

A
  1. paired appendages

2. cross-striated muscles

86
Q

panarthropoda [TARDIGRADES] - how did they feed?

A

they pierce plant cells and use their tube-shaped mouth to suck out the contents

87
Q

panarthropoda [TARDIGRADES] - how do you these mate?

A

Sexually or asexually

Females can really absorb their eggs if there are no males to fertilize their eggs

88
Q

panarthropoda [TARDIGRADES] - what is a tun?

A

it’s the state that allows them to survive extremely unfavorable conditions.
The body dries out and appears to be a lifeless ball [the tun]

Midterm 2 (1 decks)

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