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Biological Diversity > Invertebrates > Flashcards

Invertebrates Flashcards

1
Q

What are invertebrates?

A

Animals without vertebra

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2
Q

Why are invertebrates important?

A
  • Pollination
  • Decomposition
  • Medicine
  • Food chain
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3
Q

How are cells indirectly connected?

A

Through an extracellular matrix (ECM)

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4
Q

What is the phylum Porifera?

A

Sponges

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5
Q

Describe the body plan of Porifera

A
  • Mainly suspension feeders, trap food from circulating water
  • Flagellated choanocytes line the spongocoel & generate a water current & ingest food particles by phagocytosis
  • Body consists of 2 layers of cells separated by mesophyl
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6
Q

What are the 3 types of asexual reproduction for Porifera?

A

1- Fagmentation
2- Budding
3- Gemmule-formation

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7
Q

What is fragmentation?

A

Where small bits regrow

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8
Q

What is budding?

A

Uncommon, but seen as projections from outer wall in some species and as stalked buds in others

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9
Q

What is gemmule-formation?

A

freshwater species form “survival capsule” in autumn (cluster of archaeocytes surrounded by spongin ‘shell’). Hatches through micropyle in spring. Gemmules from more than one sponge can combine

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10
Q

How does Porifera sexually reproduce?

A
  • By broadcasting sperm (sometimes eggs) through the osculum
  • Sperm develop from choanocytes, which are dispersed in excurrent channels in the sponge and ‘inhaled’ into other sponges
  • Sperm cells are not phagocytosed (digested), but transform to become amoeboid carrier cells, which fertilise oocytes
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11
Q

What are spicules?

A

Structural elements providing support & deterring predators

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12
Q

What are the 3 major classes of spicules?

A
  • Calcarea
  • Demospongiae
  • Hexactinellida
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13
Q

What is Calcarea?

A

Calcium carbonate spicules, simple in structure or may

have up to 4 rays

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14
Q

What is Demospangiae?

A

Largest and most diverse class, both freshwater and marine species, siliceous or spongin spicules

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15
Q

What is Hexactinellida?

A

‘Glass sponges’, distinct siliceous spicules with six rays

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16
Q

What is the body plan of Cnidaria?

A
  • Diploblastic

- Basic body plan is a sack with central digestive cavity with single opening (mouth + anus)

17
Q

What are the 2 body forms of Cnidera?

A
  • Polyp - cylindrical form adhering to substrate via aboral end.
  • Medusa - flattened, mouth-down, moves freely in water by passive drifting and contractions of bell-shaped body.
18
Q

Describe Cnidarians

A
  • Carnivores - use tentacles to capture prey and push food into gastrovascular cavity
  • Tentacles armed with cnidocytes (specialist stinging cells), bulb-shaped capsules containing coiled thread structure within – hair-trigger cnidocil fires hook end of thread at prey
  • Discharges venomous proteins from inside nematocyst to paralyze prey
19
Q

Describe the movement of Cnidarians

A
  • Muscles and nerves in simplest forms
  • Cells of epidermis and gastrodermis have bundles of microfilaments arranged in contractile fibres – gastrointestinal cavity acts as hydrostatic skeleton against which contractile cells work
  • Movements coordinated by nerve net and associated with simple sensory receptors distributed radially around body
20
Q

What 2 ways do Cnidaria asexuallyreproduce?

A
  • Longitudinal and transverse fission

- Budding

21
Q

What are the 3 classes of Cnidaria

A
  • Hydrozoa
  • Scyphozoa
  • Anthozoa
22
Q

What are the 2 types of symmetry?

A
  • Radial symmetry/no symmetry

- Bilateral symmetry

23
Q

Give an advantage of radial symmetry

A

Sessile organisms conserve energy, take full advantage of a favourable location and can usually prevent competitors from establishing themselves nearby

24
Q

Give an advantage of bilateral symmetry

A
  • Motile organisms can move to other locations according to conditions
  • They can flee from predators and search for mates
25
Q

What are the 3 main parts of molluscs?

A
  • Muscular foot (movement)
  • Visceral mass (internal organs)
  • Mantle (tissue that secretes shell)

Biological Diversity (4 decks)

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