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Bio 101 > Invertebrate > Flashcards

Invertebrate Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three domains of life?

A

Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya

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2
Q

What are the 7 animal characteristics? Tell me about them.

A
  1. Eukaryotic (nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, cytoplasm)
  2. Heterotrophic (different forms of feeding)
  3. Multicellularity
  4. No cell wall
  5. Motile at some life stage
  6. Body cells are diploid (2N)
  7. Animals are diplontic
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3
Q

What does it mean for an animal to have multiple cells?

A

1) cells can become specialized to carry out specific functions
2) organisms can have longer lifespan
3) can grow in size

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4
Q

what are the three types of structural support for animals?

A

1) hydrostatic skeleton (worms, shell-less snails) (just body) (muscles contract against fluid filled cavity)
2) exoskeleton (snails, outside shell)
3) endoskeleton (on inside) (sponges)

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5
Q

what is the reproduction process for animals?

A

1) meiosis (sperm and egg)
2) fertilization
3) 2N- zygote forms
4) mitosis

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6
Q

What are colonial choanoflagellate protists?

A
  • closest living relative to ancestral animals

- marine

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7
Q

What is the Cambrian explosion?

A

rapid diversification, many new phyla formed

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8
Q

What are the three pieces of evidence that shows animals are monophyletic?

A

1) similar gene sequences
2) similar extracellular matrix molecules
3) unique types of junctions among cells

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9
Q

What are the three junctions among cells for animals?

A

1) tight junction (seals cells together, epithelial tissue)
2) desmosome (connects the cytoskeleton of cells)
3) gap junction (channels between them)

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10
Q

What are ecdysozoans?

A

a group of animals that grow by ecdysis which is the moulting of their exoskeleton (sheding )

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11
Q

What is coelom?

A

Internal, fluid filled body cavity, lined up with mesoderm (place for nutrient and oxygen exchange)

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12
Q

What are Hox genes?

A

group of related genes that specify regions of body, plan along the head-tail axis of animals.

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13
Q

What are the two major processes of embryo development?

A

1) cleavage (rapid multiple rounds of cell division, forming many cells from one)
2) gastrulation (in-folding forming of embryonic tissue layers)
- first cleavage happens, starts are zygote, 2 cell stage, 8 cell stage, solid ball of cells formed, then form layers called Germ layers

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14
Q

What are the 3 types of germ layers?

A

1) ectoderm (outer layer, epidermis, nervous system)
2) endoderm (inner, digestive, respiratory tract)
3) mesoderm

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15
Q

Compare Diploblastic Vs Triploblastic

A
  • Diploblastic= 2 germ layers, middle skin (mesoderm, internal organs, muscles, skeletal system)
  • Triploblastic= 3 layers, they have archenteron (digestive space) and blastopore (mouth and anus)
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16
Q

What are the three types of body symmetry for animals?

A

1) asymmetrical - no axis, divides body equally halves
2) radial symmetry - along one plane, can be cut into halves from many angles
3) bilateral symmetry - equal halves from single axis

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17
Q

What is filter feeding (sponges)?

A

Water and food particles go in via spores and then out of the water canal

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18
Q

What are the three support structures of sponges?

A

1) Extra cellular matrix (non-cellular, collagen and glycoproteins)
2) spongin (protein fibres, flexible support)
3) spicules (CaC03, Si02, provides rigidity)

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19
Q

What are the two types of asexual reproduction for sponges?

A

1) fragmentation (external budding, not self-induced, brought on by waves or predators)
2) internal budding (clone of parent)

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20
Q

What is the process of Hermaphroditic (sexual production for sponges)?

A

sperm and eggs produced in choanocytes or amoebocytes, the sperm is trapped by females and fertilized and then developed in the extracellular matrix, larvae released and it settles

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21
Q

What does cephalization mean?

A

the concentration of sense organs, nervous control at the anterior end of the body, forming head and brain.

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22
Q

What does protostome mean?

A

mouth appears before anus during development, coelom forms as a splitting from mesoderm.

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23
Q

what does deuterostome mean?

A

first opening (blastopore) becomes anus and mesoderm and coelom forms from outgrows of primitive gut

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24
Q

What are the 4 key parts of the body plan of Cnidaria?

A

1) epidermis (ectoderm)
2) gastrodermis (endoderm)
3) mesoglea (collagen and proteoglycans)
4) gastrovascular cavity (archenteron)

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25
Q

What are the two types of ways that the body of Cnidaria can be oriented?

A

1) Polyp (sessile - does not move) (shapes like a P, facing up)
2) Medusa (motile) (shaped down like an M)
(most life cycles include both)

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26
Q

How do Cnidaria obtain energy?

A
  • Carnivorous - inject prey w/ toxins and capture prey

- extracellular digestion in gastrovascular cavity

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27
Q

What are the 4 different diverse types of Cnidaria?

A

1) Hydrozoa (fresh water, no medusa stage, moves by gliding/floating)
2) Scyphozoa (true jellyfish)
3) Cubozoa (box jellyfish)
4) Anthozoa (“flower animals”, retract tentacles in defence)

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28
Q

What are some of the causes of coral bleaching?

A

it is a stress response to increase water temp, increase UV radiation, pollution, and disease (bacteria).

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29
Q

What are the three types of body cavities for Cnidaria?

A

1) Coelomate (mesoderm lines entire cavity as a “peritoneum”)
2) Pseudocoelomate (mesoderm lines outside of pseudocoel)
3) Acoelomate (no body cavity, solid except for digestive space)

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30
Q

What are two ways to make coelom?

A

1) Schizocoely (splitting within mesoderm - protostomes)

2) Enterocoely (mesoderm forms pockets from gut - deuterostomes)

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31
Q

What are the sensory structures of Platyhelminthes “flat worms”?

A

1) Mechanoreceptors (touch)
2) Chemoreceptors (taste/smell)
3) Photoreceptors (light)

32
Q

Describe the nervous system of a flatworm?

A

Very simple, long nerve cords, two cerebral ganglia, concentration of neurons which acts as the “brain”

33
Q

Describe what a Turbellaria is?

A

It is free living, a type of a flatworm, regenerates a new body, anterior end will always develop into head, reproduce asexually by fission and sexually

34
Q

Describe what a Trematoda and Cestoda is?

A

Both are endoparasitic (live on inside of host) and have a flat body with suckers.

35
Q

Describe what a Cestoda is

A

Ectoparasitic (lives on outside of host), lives in intestines of vertebrate, no mouth or digestive system, scolex which are suckers/hooks, proglottids which is their reproductive system.

36
Q

Define Lophotrochozoa

A

Diverse group of phyla with similar ribosomal/RNA sequences

37
Q

Define Trochophore larva

A

Type of larva common to marine mollusk and other phyla forms of Lophotrochozoa

38
Q

Define Nephridia

A

Invertebrate organ, occurs in pairs and performs similar to vertebrate kidney, removes metabolic waste.

39
Q

Give a few characteristics about Annelida

A

“segmented worms”
moist environments
Lophotrochozoa (annelids and molluks)

40
Q

What are some advantages for segmentation?

A

1) multiple copies of organs and structures
2) efficient nervous control, ganglion in each segment, faster responses, efficient local movement
3) increase in body size
4) regeneration

41
Q

What are the different systems in annelids and a bit about each one? (5 systems)

A

1) Nervous system (anterior brain, segmented ganglia, ventral nerve cord)
2) Respiratory (skin or gills)
3) Excretory (tubular nephridia)
4) Digestive system (complete)
5) Circulatory system (closed, dorsal and ventral blood vessels, aortic arches=hearts)

42
Q

Annelids: Advantages of a closed circulatory system?

A
  • improved exchange between deeper tissues and surface (02,C02)
  • faster transport of nutrients and gases
  • permits development of thicker body
43
Q

What are three types of annelids?

A

1) Polychactea - bristle worms, mainly marine, filter-feeders
2) Oligochaeta - terrestrial and aquatic, no parapodia, citellum (secretes cocoon for embryo development)
3) Hirudinea (freshwater, ectoparasitic, carnivorous, medicinal uses)

44
Q

Mollusks

A
  • 2nd largest animal group after anthropoids
  • terrestrial or aquatic
  • very diverse
  • bilateral symmetry, triploblastic
  • gills if aquatic, lungs if terrestrial
45
Q

Polyplacophora

A

Poly= many
8 overlapping plates, segmented
grazing, herbivores
external fertilization, separate sexes

46
Q

Bivalvia

A 
Bi=two
two valves 
hinged shell 
reduction of head, enlargement of foot and gills 
not very motile 
siphons modify the mantle cavity 
either dioecious or hermaphroditic
47
Q

What is a siphon?

A

Extensions of posterior mantle, water flows in the cavity and across gills that act as filter for food

48
Q

Dioecious vs Hermaphroditic

A

Dioecious (one set of female or male organs)

Hermaphroditic (have both sets)

49
Q

Gastripoda

A
  • snails or slugs
  • herbivores, predators, scavengers
  • complex head and eyes
  • internal or external fertilization
  • either dioecious or hermaphroditic
50
Q

Cephalopoda

A
  • great vision
  • complex behaviour - visual communication w/ colour, texture
  • arms with suckers/hooks
51
Q

Why are mollusks economically & culturally important?

A
  • food (jellyfish)
  • jewelry (pearls)
  • exotic invasions
  • vectors for parasites
52
Q

Define Ecdysozoans

A

Group of prostome animals, defined using 18’s ribosomal RNA genes

53
Q

Define Hemocoel

A

Body cavity that contains blood or hemolymph, functions as part of circulatory system

54
Q

Cryptobiosis

A

Physiological state - metabolic activity is reduced to undetectable levels w/o disappearing known to animal and plant groups that adapt to survive long periods of very dry conditions

55
Q

Define Ecdysozoa

A
  • A big subgroup of arthropods (insects, spiders, crustacean)
    “ slip out/escape”
56
Q

Define Nematoda

A
  • part of Ecdysozoa group
  • round worms
  • body protected by elastic cuticle
  • feed on bacteria, fungi, parasites
57
Q

Define Tardigrada

A
  • water bears
  • part of Ecdysozoa
  • segmented, short legs
  • moist areas
  • suspending metabolism
  • feed by sucking fluids form plants and animals
58
Q

Define Onychophora

A
  • type of Ecdysozoa
  • claw bearing, velvet worms
  • segmented
  • humid environments
  • champion spitters of animal kingdom
59
Q

Define Arthropoda

A
  • part of Ecdysozoa group
  • segmented animals w/ jointed appendages, hemocoel, exoskeleton
  • uses specific mouth parts to eat
  • most diverse group
60
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of Arthropods?

A

1) segmented body plan
- specialized segments
- vary from less than 20 to over 100
2) jointed appendages
- specialized functions
- either biramous (branched) or uniramous (unbranched)
3) Developed sense organs
- highly cephalized
- elaborate sensory organs (eyes, hair, ect)
4) Rigid skeleton
- non-living
- covers all external surfaces, digestive tract, trachea
- multilayers
- chitin, protein + CaC03

61
Q

Advantages and disadvantages of Rigid Skeleton (arthropods)

A

Advantages: support, muscle attachment, protection, allow faster movement, opportunity to change morphology, location of pigments
Disadvantages: inflexible + heavy, must be periodically shed which requires energy, in most cases cannot respiration through skin, need spiracles (pores) and trachea (tubes)

62
Q

Metamorphis

A
  • Sheding (moulting) which changes morphology
  • each larva (instar) produces a new exoskeleton
  • at the shed time, modification is possible
  • insects do not shed as adults but crustaceans do
63
Q

The process of a complete metamorphosis

A
  • there are four stages
    Eggs -> larvae -> Pupa -> Adult
  • butterflies, moths, bees, ants, ect
  • there is a resting stage
64
Q

Incomplete metamorphosis

A
  • no “resting” stage
  • grasshopper, crickets, mites ect.
  • Eggs -> Nymphs -> adults
65
Q

What are the two hormones involved in metamorphosis? Explain.

A
  • hormones regulate moulting, chemical messengers which are secreted by endocrine cells, distributed by blood, bind to target cell receptors
    1) PTTH, produced and stored by brain, production influenced by environmental cues, controls activity of prothoracic gland
    IT TRIGGERS
    2) Ecdysone, produced by prothoracic gland, target cells= epidermis, response = ecdysis
    THIS THEN TRIGGERS MOULTING
66
Q

Define Phenotypic plasticity

A

The ability of one genotype to produce more than one phenotype when exposed to different environments

67
Q

Define Parthenogenesis

A

Form of asexual reproduction in which embryo develops without fertilization by sperm

68
Q

What are the 4 major groups of arthropods?

A

1) Myriapods (millipedes)
2) Chelicerates (spiders)
3) Crustaceans (shrimps)
4) Insects (flies)

69
Q

Are animals and arthropods monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

Monophyletic

70
Q

Are crustaceans monophyletic or paraphyletic?

A

Paraphyletic

71
Q

Arthropod Respiratory Systems

A

1) Insects and most myriapods: tubular trachea w/ holes, carry 02 to blood gills
2) crustaceans: gills
3) chelicerates: some trachea and spiracles, book gills or book lungs

72
Q

Arthropods: Circulatory system

A
  • open system (hemolymph fills body cavity)
  • dorsal tubular heart w/ pores, drives hemolymph into hemocoel spaces
  • one- way valves
73
Q

Arthropods: sexual reproduction

A
  • most are dioecious

- lay eggs/ care for their young

74
Q

Myriapods

A
  • group of arthropods
  • head and body (segmented)
  • centipedes = carnivores (poison fangs)
  • Millipedes = detrivores, herbivores
75
Q

Chelicerates

A
  • group of arthropods
  • cephalothorax - appendages
  • abdomen - no appendages
  • no jaw, sexes separated
  • # 1 fangs, #2 pincers, #3,4,5,6 legs (4 pairs)
76
Q

Crustaceans

A
  • mainly marine but also land
  • “zooplankton”
  • head, thorax, abdomen
  • appendages off each segment
  • separate sexes
77
Q

Insects

A
  • 3 body regions
  • separate sexes
  • external mouthparts
  • important for ecosystem services (pollination, food source, decomposers, ect)

Bio 101 (6 decks)

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