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Neuropharma Of CNS disorders > Intros > Flashcards

Intros Flashcards

1
Q

Stats

A

1 in 4 will experience mental health problem in course of a year

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2
Q

Horizontal

A

Across

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3
Q

Coronal

A

Face | back of head

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4
Q

Sagital

A

Symmetry of face

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5
Q

Dorsal superior

A

Top of brain

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6
Q

Caudal posterior

A

Back of brain

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7
Q

Ventral inferior

A

Bottom of brain

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8
Q

Rostral anterior

A

Front of brain

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9
Q

Central core

A

Diencephalon, thalamus - central relay centre for sensory and motor signals, associated with evolutionary stuff eg limbic system

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10
Q

Midbrain

A

Mesencephalon - basic processes eg sleep wake cycle, cardiovascular etc

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11
Q

Brain stem

A

Rhombencepholon (hind brain - medulla, pons, cerrubella) - basic processes eg sleep wake cycle, cardiovascular etc

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12
Q

Medulla oblongata

A

Part of brainstem, connects to spinal cord

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Motor learning

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14
Q

Ventricles

A

2 lateral, 3rd & 4th ventricles
Fluid filled
Continuous
Expand to take up empty space so show brain degeneration

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15
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Executive decision making
Prefrontal cortex
Primary motor cortex
Plans for movement

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16
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Primary somatosensory cortex
Special provessong

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17
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Primary visual cortex
Visual processing

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18
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Language, comprehension, memories, perceptions
Primary somatosensory cortex

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19
Q

Dissociation cortex

A

Primates
Interpreting info in environment, past experience and pass info to frontal lobe that integrate info and passed to motor cortex

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20
Q

Asymmetry between cerebral hemispheres

A

Left- linguistic
Right- spatial tasks
But good connectivity through corpus callosum (fibre tract)

21
Q

Schizophrenic brain structure

A

No asymmetry of brain function

22
Q

The thalamus

A

Central relay station for motor and sensory signals
Synapse so modification of info through circuits
Passed on to primary somatosensory cortex

23
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Non specific sensory info ascending monoamingeric tracts

24
Q

Thalamus and cortex

A

Thalamus provides all parts of neocortex, thalamus receives info from subcortical nuclei (striatum) from cortex
Circuit loop
Cortico-striatal tract (important for info of subcortical), filters input to cortex

25
Q

Basal ganglia

A

Extrapyramidal motor control (cortex controlling voluntary movement and initiation,strength, suppression of movement)
Nuclei: caudate and putamen (striatum), globus pallidus, substantia nigra (first to degenerate in Parkinson’s), subthalamic nuclei (lesions cause uncontrolled movement) , thalamus

26
Q

Limbic system

A

Emotions and mood
Eg, hippocampus, amygdala and hypothalamus
As well as fornix, mammillary body, cingulate gyrus, ventral striatum

27
Q

Amygdala

A

Adversive learning (fearful)
Emotional response to face recognition
Addiction and reward

28
Q

Urbach-wiener disease

A

Calcium deposited in amygdala
Cannot recognise emotions in facial expressions but can identify faces

29
Q

Reticular formation

A

Aras- ascending reticular activating system to hypothalamus and thalamus, from hypothalamus to basal forebrain bundle. Diffuse inner action of brain

30
Q

Example if catacholamine

A

Noradrenaline, adrenaline & dopamine
Two HO to hexagon

31
Q

Noradrenaline

A

Synthesised in locus cerrilious to Long axonal tracts - medial forebrain bundle, innervates limbic system and hypothalamus
Rewarding behaviour

32
Q

Noradrenergic tracts

A

Efferent pathways originate from locus coeruleus
Nucleus in midbrain and part of reticular formation - arousal, sleep/wake cycle
Axons- highly branched, largely unmyelinated
Innervate limbic system and limbic areas of cortex
Innervate areas controlling sensory input, key in perception and attention

33
Q

Main dopamine pathways

A

Mesolimbic pathway , Mesocortical pathway - mood and schizophrenia

Nigrostriatal pathway - first degenerates in Parkinson’s, inability to initiate movement

Actuate nucleus from hypothalamus to median eminates releasing dopamine. Regulates secretion of prolactin

Side effects to drugs due to interference in these pathways

34
Q

Dopamine pathways simple

A

Dopamine nuclei- substantia nigra, ventral tegmemtal area, arcuate nucleus of hypothalamus

Nigrostriatal pathway- motor control

Mesolimbic and mesocortical - behaviour/mood

35
Q

Serotonin / 5HT and pathways

A

Indolamine
Synthesised in raphe nuclei
Diffuse interaction but main in limbic regions
Neuronal activity increases imediatedlu prior to and during periods of activity

36
Q

Raphe nuclei

A

In medulla

37
Q

Cholinergic pathways

A

Acetylcholine
Long (signal between different regions of brain) and short (within local circuits) axonal projections

38
Q

Nucleus basalis of meynert

A

Cognitive processing and memory
Gives rise to long projections

39
Q

Glutamate

A

Major transmitter in CNS
Excitatory
Eg transmitter in corticostriatal pathway (cortex influence on sun cortical systems)

40
Q

GABA

A

Major transmitter in CNS
Inhibitory
GABA gates chlorine channels

41
Q

Method for studying CNS

A

Imagining
Indirect markers for changes in NT function
Post mortem studies
Genetic-linkage analysis
Animal models

42
Q

Imagine techniques

A

Computerised tomography (CT) - spatial resolution several mm
MRI - resolution less than 1 mm
FMRI - oxyhemoglobin has different magnetic resonance to deoxyhemoglobin
PET & SPECT (radiolabelled isotopes)
EEG & MEG

43
Q

Diffusion tensor imaging

A

Mapping pathways and investigating aberrant connectivity
Based on limited mobility of water in neurones

44
Q

Indirect markers for changes in NT function

A

Relies on lvls of metabolites in cerebral fluid, plasma, urine, binding to platelets

Eg Parkinson’s decreased DA, HVA & DOPAC

45
Q

Post mortem studies on human brain

A

Eg radioligand binding (find receptors in tissues)

But protein is labile so may degrade especially over time and patient may not be drug naive so different levels of NT eg dopamine receptors elevated on antipsychotic drugs

46
Q

Genetics linkage analysis

A

Restriction fragment length polymorphisms RFLP - way enzymes cleave DNA (endonucleases)
Different sizes DNA fragments compared by electrophoresis
Gene hunting technique, traces patterns of disease

47
Q

RFLPs

A

Inherited in mandelian manner
Needs family pedigree
Determines if disease and RFLP linked
Worked to map gene mutation in huntingtons chorea
Disadvantage in polygenic psychiatric disorders

48
Q

Animal models

A

Mimic neuro chemical changes in disease
Eg Parkinson’s, legion of striatum

49
Q

Genomic approaches using animals

A

Same NT and signalling pathways
Eg mice over expressing mutant AD related proteins
Transgenic mice
C.ellegans

Neuropharma Of CNS disorders (5 decks)

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