Introducution Flashcards
UK 5 Year Antimicrobial resistance strategy. Name some of their aims.
Improving infection prevention and control practices
Optimising prescribing practice
Improving professional educations, training and public engagement
Developing new drugs, treatments and diagnostics
Better access to and use of surveillance data
Better identifications and prioritisation of AMR research needs
Strengthened international collaboration
Name a sterile and non-sterile environment
Sterile. CNS and circulatory system
Non-sterile. Respiratory and digestive system
What is a bacteria’s virulence factor
Toxins etc produced by a microorganism
What are the differences between a gram positive, gram negative and atypical bacteria
Positive. Stains purple because can hold stain in thick cell wall
Negative. Stain red after not holding purple stain in their cell membrane and thin cell wall
Atypical. Has no cell wall, so some antibiotics will not work
What shapes are cocci and bacilli
Cocci.clusters
Bacilli. Rod
Give an example of gram positive cocci and gram positive bacilli
Cocci. Straphylococci and streptococci
Bacilli. Listeria
Cornynebacterium and clostridium (anaerobic)
Straphylocci can be distinguished from strep. with coagulase. Give two examples of this bacteria.
S. aureus
Coagulase negative staph.
Streptococci can be distingusihed in haemolysis, give the three types of strep.
Beta haemolytic (e.g. group a) digest partially Alpha haemolytic (pneumococcus) digest partially Non haemolytic (enterococcus) hardly
Give examples of gram negative cocci and bacilli groups
Cocci. N. Meningitidis and N.gonorrhoea
Bacilli. Bacteroides (anaerobic gut) and pseudomonas And haemophilus and enterobacteraciae
Name at least two examples of enterobacteraciae
E.coli
Klebsiella
Enterobacter
Proteus
Name two examples of atypical bacteria
Mycoplasma
Chlamydia
Name the main people for the
Early development of antibiotics
Early development for penicillin
Later development of penicillin
Paul Ehrlich
Alexander Fleming
Ernst Chain and Howard Florey
Name the four sites of antimicrobial targets and at least two examples with them
Inhibit wall synthesis - beta lactams, glycopeptides and bacitracin and fosfomycin
Inhibit protein synthesis. Macrolides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, rifampicin
Interfere with DNA synthesis/replication. Sulphonamides, diaminopyrimidines, quinolones and nitroimidazoles
Disrupt cell membrane. Polymixins and lipopeptides
Beta lactate and glycopeptide antibiotics disrupt cell wall synthesis. Give examples of each (3!2)
Beta lactam. Penicillin, cephalosporins, carbapenems
Glycopeptide. Vancomycin and teicoplanin
How do beta lactams work?
Penicillin binding protein make the link for penicillin to bind . Meaning that amino acid side chains can’t form
So can’t fully form cell wall.
Breakdown occurs, spheroplast forms
Beat lactamase inhibtors were made to combat beta lactamases, produced by bacteria which hydrolyses the beta lactam ring resulting in inactivation. How does it work?
I uses an inhibitor called clavulanic acid (also has a beta lactam ring. It binds beta lactamaes to prevent them destroying the antibiotic.
Well known combination. Co-amoxiclav (amoxicillin and clavulanic acid)
Vancomycin and teicoplanin are most commonly used glycopeptide antibiotics (for vancomycin sensitive and vancomycin resistant bacteria).
What type of gram negative or positive bacteria are they used on and why?
Used on the broad gram positive spectrum because it can’t get through the thick cell wall because it is too large, making it ineffective.
You would use it in MRSA, coagulase negative staphylococci, penicillin resistant enterococci and streptococci and c.diff
Protein synthesis inhibitors include macrolides, tetracycline , aminoglycosides, lincosamides and rifamycins.
What group do erythromycin and clarithromycin belong to
What group do doxycycline and tigecycline belong to
What group do gentamicin, amikacin and tobramycin belong to
Macrolides
Tetracyclines
Aminoglycosides
What do rifmycins do (protein synthesis inhibition)
Interfere with mRNA
What do Aminoglycosides and tetracyclines target? (protein synthesis inhibition)
Ribosome target
What do macrolides and chloramphenicol target?
30S and 50S ribosomal subunit
Sulphonamides and Diaminopyrimidines interfere with DNA synthesis/replication, how?
Both target nucleotide synthesis, bacteria can’t take in folate, have to synthesis this, Sulphonamides block this synthesis.
What anti-bacterial works as a DNA gyrase inhibitor?
Quinolones, e.g. ciprofloxaxin and levofloxacin
what does mycosis mean
fungal infection
Tinea, candidiasis, mucormycosis and aspergillosis are examples of what?
Fungal infections ranging from superficial to deep
Give the three group types of anti-fungal drugs
Azoles
Polyenes
Echinocandins
Give two examples of Azoles
The triazoles and imidazoles
Give two examples of polyenes
Amphotericin B
Nystatin
Give two examples of echinocandins
Caspofungin
Micafungin
What antifungal acts directly on the cell wall?
Echinocandins
What anti-fungal acts directly on the cell membrane?
Polyenes
What is in a fungal cell wall and what type membrane do they have?
Chitin
Glucan
glycoproteins
ergosterol based membrane
What anti-fungals act on the ergosterol pathway?
Azoles and terbinafine
Name three problems with discovery of new antibiotics
Cost of development
rapid resistance
time consuming
Name three potential solutions for the problems of discovering new antibiotics
Stewardship
novel targets
improve diagnostics
