Introductory Statistics by OpenStax Chapter 1

Question 1

also called mean; A number that describes the central tendency of the data

Answer 1

Average

Question 2

Not telling participants which treatment a subject is receiving

Answer 2

Blinding

Question 3

Variables that take on values that are names or labels

Answer 3

Categorical Variable

Question 4

a method for selecting a random sample and dividing the population into groups; use simple random sampling to select a set of clusters. Every individual chosen in the clusters is included in the sample

Answer 4

Cluster sampling

Question 5

a random variable (RV) whose outcomes are measured; i.e. the height of trees in the forest

Answer 5

Control Group

Question 6

a nonrandom method of selecting a sample; this method selects individuals that are easily accessible and may result in biased data

Answer 6

Convenience Sampling

Question 7

The term applies to an ordered set of observations from smallest to largest. It is the sum of the relative frequencies for all values that are less than or equal to the given value

Answer 7

Cumulative Relative Frequency

Question 8

a set of observations (a set of possible outcomes)

Answer 8

Data

Question 8

a random variable (RV) whose outcomes are counted

Answer 8

Discrete Random Variable

Question 9

the act of blinding both the subjects of an experiment and the researchers who work with the subjects

Answer 9

Double-blinding

Question 10

any individual or object to be measured

Answer 10

Experimental Unit

Question 11

the independent variable in an experiment; the value controlled by researchers

Answer 11

Explanatory Variable

Question 12

the number of times a value of the data occurs

Answer 12

Frequency

Question 13

Any human subject in a research study must be cognizant of any risk or costs associated with the study. The subject has the right to know the nature of the treatments included in the study, their potential risks, and their potential benefits. Consent must be given freely by an informed, fit participant

Answer 13

Informed Consent

Question 14

a committee tasked with oversight of research programs that involve human subjects

Answer 14

Institutional Review Board

Question 15

a variable that has an effect on a study even though it is neither an explanatory variable nor a response variable

Answer 15

Lurking Variable

Question 16

an issue that affects the reliability of sampling data other than natural variation; it includes a variety of human errors including poor study design, biased sampling methods, inaccurate information provided by study participants, data entry errors, and poor analysis.

Answer 16

Nonsampling Error

Question 17

variables that take on values that are indicated by numbers

Answer 17

Numerical Variable

Question 18

a number that is used to represent a population characteristic and that generally cannot be determined easily

Answer 18

Parameter

Question 19

an inactive treatment that has no real effect on the explanatory variable

Answer 19

Placebo

Question 20

all individuals, objects, or measurements whose properties are being studied

Answer 20

Population

Question 21

the number of success divided by the total numbers in the sample

Answer 21

Proportion

Question 21

a number between zero and one, inclusive, that gives the likelihood that a specific event will occur

Answer 21

Probability

Question 22

an attribute whose value is indicated by a label

Answer 22

Qualitive Data

Question 23

an attribute whose value is indicated by a number

Answer 23

Quantitive Data

Question 24

the act of organizing experimental units into treatment groups using random methods

Answer 24

Random Assignment

Question 25

a method of selecting a sample that gives every member of the population an equal chance of being selected

Answer 25

Random Sampling

Question 26

a subset of the population that has the same characteristics as the population

Answer 26

Representative Sample

Question 27

the ratio of the number of times a value of the data occurs in the set of all outcomes to the number of all outcomes to the total number of outcomes

Answer 27

Relative Frequency

Question 28

the dependent variable in an experiment; the value that is measured for change at the end of an experiment

Answer 28

Response variable

Question 29

a subset of the population studies

Answer 29

Sample

Question 30

not all members of the population are equally likely to be selected

Answer 30

Sampling Bias

Question 31

the natural variation that results from selecting a sample to represent a larger population; this variation decreases as the sample size increases, so selecting larger samples reduces this

Answer 31

Sampling Error

Question 32

Once a member of the population is selected for inclusion in a sample, that member is returned to the population for the selection of the next individual

Answer 32

Sampling with Replacement

Question 33

A member of the population may be chosen for inclusion in a sample only once. If chosen, the member is not returned to the population before the next selection

Answer 33

Sampling without Replacement

Question 34

a straightforward method for selecting a random sample; give each member of the population a number. Use a random number generator to select a set of labels. These randomly selected labels identify the members of your sample

Answer 34

Simple Random Sampling

Question 35

a numerical characteristic of the sample

Answer 35

Statistic

Question 36

a method for selecting a random sample used to ensure that subgroups of the population are represented adequately; divide the population into groups (strata). Use simple random sampling to identify a proportionate number of individuals from each stratum

Answer 36

Stratified Sampling

Question 37

a method for selecting a random sample; list the members of the population. Use simple random sampling to select a starting point in the population. Let k = (number of individuals in the population)/(number of individuals needed in the sample). Choose every kth individual in the list starting with the one that was randomly selected. If necessary, return to the beginning of the population list to complete your sample

Answer 37

Systematic sampling

Question 38

different values or components of the explanatory variable applied in an experiment

Answer 38

Treatments

Question 39

a characteristic of interest for each person or object in a population

Answer 39

Variable