Introductory Material Flashcards
Number one malnutrition disease in cats and dogs?
Obesity
What is an essential nutrient?
The body cannot synthesize it - “indispensable”
What is a conditionally essential nutrient?
Required during certain physiological or pathological conditions
What is a nonessential nutrient?
The body can synthesize it - “dispensable”
Proximate analysis gives what information?
- Moisture
- Crude fiber
- Fat
- Protein
- Ash
- Carbohydrate
Which parts of proximate analysis are included on label?
- Moisture
- Crude fiber
- Fat
- Protein
What does “complete and balanced” pet food mean?
Feeding a set amount of food to meet animal’s energy requirements will also meet the animal’s non-energy nutrient requirements.
Energy content of food
- Gross Energy (GE) gives off Digestible Energy (DE) and energy lost in feces
- Digestible Energy (DE) gives off Metabolizable Energy (ME) and energy lost in urine and gases from the gastrointestinal tract
How to do food dose determination
- DER = RER x maintenance factor (need sheet)
- RER = 30(BWtkg) + 70
- Energy requirement / energy density of food
Daily water requirements?
- Dogs: 1.6 x RER
- Cats: 1.2 x RER
What are mono- and disaccharides? Examples
Simple sugars. Ex: glucose, lactose, sucrose
What are oligosaccharides?
6-9 sugar units, often found in legumes and not very digestible. Ex: raffinose, stachyose, verbascose
What are polysaccharides?
> 9 sugar units. Ex: starches, glycogens, cellulose
Soluble vs. insoluble bonds
-alpha-glycosidic bonds = soluble (digestible)
Ex: simple starch, glycogen
-beta-glycosidic bonds = insoluble (indigestible)
Ex: dietary fiber
Why are carbohydrates used in pet foods? (i.e. they are not just a filler)
- Conditionally essential during pregnancy, lactation, growth, and high athleticism
- Used as an energy
- Provide structure to food
Dogs and cats lack which salivary enzyme
Salivary alpha-amylase
Food digestion occurs where in the cat and dog?
- Little digestion takes place in stomach
- Small intestines use pancreatic alpha-amylase and brush-border enzymes
- Large intestines ferment undigested and unabsorbed carbohydrates
Define fiber
- Complex carbohydrate (insoluble)
- Resistant to mammalian digestive enzymes
- Found in plants
Methods of determining fiber concentrations
- Crude fiber: assay developed for wood pulp industry, inaccurate
- Total dietary fiber (TDF): chemical method, more complete detection of fiber
What are the uses of fiber?
- Produces SCFA
- Energy source for large intestine cells
- Promote acidic environment
- Promote water and electrolyte absorption
- Influences numbers and types of bacteria found in large intestine
Examples of soluble and insoluble fibers
- Soluble: pectin, gums, mucilages, hemicelluloses (psyllium husks)
- Insoluble: hemicelluloses (vegetables), cellulose, modified cellulose, lignin
Characteristics of rapidly fermented fibers
- Water soluble (form viscous gels)
- Readily fermented in large intestine
- Bind minerals (cations)
- Bind digestive enzymes
- Slow nutrient absorption
Characteristics of slowly fermented fibers
- Insoluble in water
- Resistant to bacterial fermentation
- Do not bind digestive enzymes
- Do not bind minerals
- Slow nutrient absorption
What has the most % dietary fiber and what has the least? (of the soluble fibers)
Peanut hulls have the most, rice has the least
What is the required amount of fiber in the diet?
Between 1-4%
What is the primary structure of protein?
Amino acid sequence
What is the secondary structure of protein?
alpha-helices, beta-sheets, or random coils
What is the tertiary structure of protein?
folding and bending of polypeptide chain that produces biological activity
What is the quaternary structure of protein?
H+, electrostatic, and ionic bonds between polypeptide chains
Where are proteins digested?
- Stomach: pepsin and HCl
- Small intestines: pancreatic enzymes and brush border enzymes
Methods of determining protein quality
-Crude protein (CP, Kjeldahl method: N-determination, which is not necessarily protein
in vivo methodology: true amino acid digestibility
-Digestibility: apparent digestibility (CP - fecal protein) or true digestibility (CP - ilial protein)
Functions of dietary lipids
- Add palatability and texture
- Provide dense calorie source
- Stored as energy
- Promote fat soluble vitamin absorption
What does saturated mean?
No double bonds
What does unsaturated mean?
Double bonds
Linoleic acid, n-3 or n-6?
n-6
Linolenic acid, n-3 or n-6?
n-3
Arachidonic acid, n-3 or n-6?
n-6
Why do cats need arachidonic acid in their diet?
Cats cannot elongate linoleic acid to make arachidonic acid because they do not have enough delta-6-desaturase
n-6 PUFAs are precursors of what?
arachidonic acid
n-3 PUFAs are precursors of what?
eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA)
Clinical signs of lipids
- Poor growth and weight gain
- Matted coat, scaly skin, weak cutaneous vessels
- Infertility
- Poor wound healing
Protein intake range?
Very wide
Selenium intake range?
Very small
Characteristics of fat soluble vitamins
- Require fat for efficient absorption
- Stored effectively
- Potentially toxic when consumed in excess
Characteristics of water soluble vitamins
- Note stored efficiently
- Daily intake necessary to prevent deficiency
- Excessive intake relatively safe
What are the fat soluble vitamins?
A, D, E, K
What are the macrominerals?
Calcium Phosphorus Potassium Sodium Chloride Sulfur
What are the microminerals?
Iron Copper Manganese Zinc Selenium Cobalt Iodine
What is Vitamin K used for?
clotting
Thiamin (Vitamin B1) deficiency symptoms
- Anorexia w/ weight loss
- Neurological symptoms (cervical ventroflexion)
- Cardiovascular and respiratory symptoms
Cobalamin (Vitamin B12) deficiency symptoms
GI symptoms
Calcium deficiency/excess
Deficiency: postparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever)
Excess: calcification of epidermis
Magnesium deficiency symptoms
- Hypomagnesemic tetany in adult ruminants
- Nervousness, tremors, twitching of facial muscles, staggering gait, convulsion
Zinc deficiency symptoms
- Reddening of skin, subnormal growth, depressed appetite (pigs)
- Inflammation of nose and mouth, stiff joints, swollen feet, reddening of skin (calves)
Copper toxicity symptoms
- Icteric
- Death
- Laryngitis, bronchitis
- Diarrhea
- Anemia
- Emaciation
Iodine deficiency symptoms
- Goiter
- Reproductive abnormalities
Which nutrients can interact?
- Vitamin D and calcium
- Vitamin E and selenium
- PUFAs and Vitamin E
