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world geography > Introductory chapter quiz > Flashcards

Introductory chapter quiz Flashcards

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World Geography flashcards U.S. Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is Geography the study of?

A

place & space

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2
Q

Geography studies the…[blank]

A

location & distribution of features on the earth’s surface. It also studies human activity, the natural environment, and the relationship between the two.

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3
Q

What questions does Geography answer?

A

Where? Why?

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4
Q

Realms (3 things)

A

~Realms are based on spatial criteria
~They are the largest geographic units into which the world can be divided
~Based on both physical (natural) and human (cultural) features

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5
Q

What are realms the result of?

A

the interaction between human societies and natural environments.

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6
Q

What do realms represent?

A

the most comprehensive and encompassing definition of the great clusters of humankind in the world today.

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7
Q

Would the world have been divided up the same way in 1491?

A

No. (b/c Columbus sailed the ocean blue in 1492).

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8
Q

Transition zones

A

Mark the contact between geographic realms.

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9
Q

spatial change

A

where peripheries of two adjacent realms or regions join.

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10
Q

gradual shift

A

zones are marked by this in the characteristics that distinguish neighboring realms.

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11
Q

Regions.

A

Areas of the earth’s surface marked by certain properties.

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12
Q

Regions are based on criteria we establish. What is the criteria? (3 things)

A

~Human (cultural) properties
~Physical (natural) characteristics
~or both

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13
Q

Which is smaller and more detailed? Regions or realms?

A

Regions.

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14
Q

What to all regions have? (3 things)

A

~An area
~Boundaries
~Location

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15
Q

Formal region

A

~Marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena.
~Also called a uniform region or homogeneous region.

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16
Q

Formal Regions example

A

English language, global spread

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17
Q

Functional Region (nodal region) —> 3 things.

A

~A region marked less by its sameness than its dynamic internal structure.
~A spatial system focused on a central core
~A region formed by a set of places and their functional integration

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18
Q

Hinterland (2 things)

A

~Literally means ‘country behind’.

~A term that applies to the service area ‘behind’ (often surrounding) an urban center.

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19
Q

Urban Cebter

A

The focus of goods and services (often ‘the market’) produced in the hinterland, and is the latter’s dominant focal point as well

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20
Q

Landforms (6 types)

A 
~Continental drift
~Tectonic plates
~Subduction zones
~Pacific ‘Ring of Fire’
~Weathering
~Erosion
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21
Q

Climate (3 things)

A

~Hydrologic cycle
~Precipitation patterns
~Climate regions

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22
Q

Climate regions of the world (6 types)

A 
~Humid Equatorial Climates
~Dry  Climates
~Humid Temperate Climates
~Humid Cold Climates
~Cold Polar  
~Highland Climates
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23
Q

Population distribution clusters (4 clusters)

A

~East Asia
~Europe
~South Asia
~Eastern North America

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24
Q

Culture

A

Shared patterns of learned behavior.

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25
Q

Components of Culture (3 things)

A

~Beliefs
~Institutions
~Technology

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26
Q

Cultural Geography

A

A wide-ranging and comprehensive field that studies spatial aspects of human cultures.

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27
Q

Cultural Geography components (5 things)

A 
~Cultural landscapes
~Cultural hearths
 ~Cultural diffusion
 ~Language and religion
~Ethnicity
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28
Q

Cultural Landscape

A

The composite of human imprints on the earth’s surface.

29
Q

Culture is the…[blank]

A

agent.

30
Q

Natural environment is the…[blank]

A

medium.

31
Q

Cultural Hearth

A

The source areas from which radiated ideas, innovations, and ideologies that change the world beyond

32
Q

Sequent Occupance

A

The places that come after the original occupance. Almost like different layers (places) of history.

33
Q

Political Geography (3 things)

A

~A subfield within the human branch of geography
~The study of the interaction of geographical area and political process
~The spatial analysis of political phenomena and processes

34
Q

State (3 things)

A

~A politically organized territory
~Administered by a sovereign government
~Recognized by a significant portion of the international community.

35
Q

A state must also contain: (3 things)

A

~a permanent resident population
~an organized economy
~ a functioning internal circulation system

36
Q

A nation is not a state…[continue] (2 things and 1 example)

A

~Organized people w/o a home
~Not independent; is a territory they inhabit
~Ex: native americans

37
Q

Nation - State (def. & example)

A

~A country whose population possesses a substantial degree of cultural homogeneity and unity
~Ex: Japan

38
Q

Patterns of development: Economic conditions (World Bank groupings) [4 things]

A

~High-income
~Upper-middle-income
~Lower-middle-income
~Low-income

39
Q

Patterns of development: Core versus peripheral areas (3 things)

A

~Issues of power:
core has power over the periphery
~Advantage
~Exploitation

40
Q

Globalization

A

The shrinkage of differences

41
Q

Absolute location

A

The position or place of a certain item on the surface of the earth as expressed in degrees, minutes, and seconds of latitude.

42
Q

Cartogram

A

A specially transformed map not based on traditional representations of scale or area.

43
Q

Climate

A

The long-term conditions of aggregate weather over a region, summarized by averages and measures of variability.

44
Q

Continental drift

A

The slow movement of continents controlled by the process associated with plate tectonics

45
Q

Core areas

A

Core refers to the center, heart, or focus. The core area of a nation-state is constituted by the national heartland, the largest population cluster, the most productive region, and the part of the country with the greatest centrality and accessibility-probably containing the capital city as well.

46
Q

Cultural landscape

A

The forms and artifacts sequentially placed on the natural landscape by the activities of various human occupants. By this progressive imprinting of the human presence, the physical (natural) landscape is modified into the cultural landscape, forming an interacting unity between the two.

47
Q

Desertification

A

Process of desert expansion into neighboring steppelands as a result of human degradation of fragile semiarid environments.

48
Q

Development

A

The economic, social, and institutional growth of national states.

49
Q

Economic geography

A

The field of geography that focuses on the diverse ways in which people earn a living and on how the goods and the services they produce are expressed and organized spatially.

50
Q

European state model

A

A state consisting of a legally defined territory inhabited by a population governed from a capital city by a representative government.

51
Q

Formal regions

A

A type of region marked by a certain degree of homogeneity in one or more phenomena; also called uniform region or homogeneous region.

52
Q

Functional region

A

A region marked less by its sameness than by its dynamic internal structure; because it usually focuses on a central node, also called nodal region or focal region.

53
Q

Geographic realms

A

The basic spatial unit in our world regionalization scheme. Each realm is defined in terms of a synthesis of its total human geography-a composite of its leading cultural, economic, historical, political, and appropriate environmental features.

54
Q

Glaciations

A

repeated advances of continental ice sheets.

55
Q

Ice age

A

A stretch of geologic time during which the earth’s average atmospheric temperature is lowered; causes the equator ward expansion of continental ice sheets in the higher latitudes and growth of mountain glaciers in and around the highlands of the lower latitudes.

56
Q

Interglacials

A

ice sheet contractions

57
Q

natural landscapes

A

the array of land forms that constitutes the Earth’s surface and the physical features that mark them.

58
Q

Pacific Ring of Fire

A

zone of cultural instability along tectonic plate boundaries, marked by earthquakes and volcanic activity, that ring the Pacific Ocean Basin.

59
Q

Periphery

A

have-not components of a national or regional system.

60
Q

Population distribution

A

the way people have arranged themselves in geographic space.

61
Q

Regional concept

A

the geographic study of regions and regional distinctions.

62
Q

Regional disparities

A

the spatial unevenness in standard of living that occurs within a country, whose “average,” overall income statistics invariably mask the differences that exist between the extremes of the wealthy core and the poorer periphery.

63
Q

Regional geography

A

Approach to geographic study based on the spatial unit of the region. Allows for an all-encompassing view of the world, because it utilizes and integrates information from geography’s topical (systematic) fields.

64
Q

Relative location

A

the regional position or situation of a place relative to the position of other places. Distance, accessibility, and connectivity affect relative location.

65
Q

Spatial systems

A

the components and interactions of a functional region, which is defined by the areal extent of those interactions.

66
Q

systematic geography

A

topical geography: cultural, political, economic geography, and the like.

67
Q

Tectonic plates

A

Plates are bonded portions of the earth’s mantle and crust. More than a dozen such plates exist, most of continental proportions, and they are in motion. Where they meet, one slides under the other, crumpling the surface crust and producing significant volcanic and earthquake activity; a major mountain building force.

68
Q

urbanization

A

the proportion of a country’s population living in urban places is its level of urbanization. the process involves the movement to, and the clustering of, people in towns and cities- a major force in every geographic realm today. Another kind of urbanization occurs when an expanding city absorbs rural countryside and transforms it into suburbs; in the case of cities in disadvantaged countries, this also generates peripheral shantytowns.

world geography (3 decks)

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