introductiontomicro

Question 1

what is a pathogen

Answer 1

any microorganism that can cause a disease

Question 2

virulence

Answer 2

the ability of a microorganism to cause a disease

Question 3

what are some ways to identify bacteria samples

Answer 3

microscopy, detection of bacterial antigents, detenction of bacterial nucleic acids, culture, detection of antibody response to bacteria

Question 4

what are four fundametal features of classification of bacteria

Answer 4

visible features, nutrition, end product, and surface molecules

Question 5

what are common shapes for bacteria

Answer 5

cocci shpricile, bqacilli rod or striaght or curved, and spirochetes spiral

Question 6

what is the diffence between a gram positive and gram negative

Answer 6

thick layer peptidoglycan for gram positive and thin for negative with a outer membrane and periplasmic space.

Question 7

what are the steps for gram staining

Answer 7

add crystal violet, then add gram iodine, then decolorizer such as alcohol or acetone, then add safranin red purple is for positive.

Question 8

describe the structure of peptidoglycan

Answer 8

NAG n-acytalglucosamine and NAM n-acectylmuamuc and has Beta 1,4 linked NAG and NAM and tears and saliva contain a lysozyme that will break this beta 1-4 link apart

Question 9

what are the effects of peptioglycan in our bodies

Answer 9

it has a pro inflamatory reaction and will trigger the TNF production.

Question 10

what acids are found in gram positive bactieria and not gram negative

Answer 10

.it contains techoic acid and Lipoteichoic acid or LTA and they promot attachemts to other bacteria and to host cells with the LTA binding to the bacterial membrane and are important virulence factors.

Question 11

what is the outer membrane of a gram negative bacteria covered in

Answer 11

porin for transport of nutrients and lipopolysaccharides LPS which makes a stiff canvas staff maintains structure and permeability barrier.

Question 12

what does LPS or lipopolysaccharide do to the body

Answer 12

too much leads to spetic shock, massive inflammatory reaction, it has three portion LIPID A portion makes it endotoxic leading to septic shock they have fatty acids that anchor it to the outer membrane. CORE POLYSACCHARODE is reuired for bacteria strructure and viability and O ANTIGEN important in identification of bacteria

Question 13

how does LPS cause inflammation

Answer 13

binds to CD 14 and TLRr4 on phagocytes antigen presenting cells activate the immune system and causes septic shock with TNF IL1 snd IL6

Question 14

what are acid fast bacteria

Answer 14

they have very complex cel envelope that is waxy because of mycolic acids bound to the peptidoglycan via a polysaccharide,

Question 15

how do you stain an acid fast stain

Answer 15

saint red by carbol fuschin then acid alcohol destain and methylene blue use to counter stain an label other bacteria

Question 16

what is unique to acid fast structure

Answer 16

lipoarabinomannan LAM related to LPS and acts the same, arabinogalactans bind the the mycolic acid, and mycolidc acid.

Question 17

what are pili or fimbrae

Answer 17

tube with a small hollow core, found on positive and negative, have two function attachment through common or somatic and gene transfer through sex pilli

Question 18

what is a flagella

Answer 18

used to move, different types , polar one pole, lophotrichous multiple at a single pole, amphitrichous both poles, and peritrichous all aroun the bacteria

Question 19

what is another name for the antigen of flagella

Answer 19

H anitigen

Question 20

what is the capsule of bacteria

Answer 20

almost always polysaccharide, protects bacteria and virulence factor, protects from immune system antiphagocytic

Question 21

what is a biofilm

Answer 21

a organized community of microbials that creates a capsule over the entire population

Question 22

what is the quellung reaction

Answer 22

used to identify encapsulated bacteria will make it visible swell.

Question 23

what are endospors

Answer 23

only gram positve will make and only some of them. The bacteria will form a dorment state with the minimum RNA and organells and rest until favorable condition occure where it will reactivate. The location of the spore will aid in identification.

Question 24

what are the characteristics of endospores

Answer 24

contain a complete copy of chromosones minimunm proteins and ribosomes, contains high concentration of calcium bound dipicolinc acid