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Law and Ethics > Introductions and definitions > Flashcards

Introductions and definitions Flashcards

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1
Q

Define consent

A

Permission of agreement for an action to be carried out

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2
Q

What are the types of consent

A

Voluntary
Verbal
Informed
Written

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3
Q

Describe voluntary consent

A

Patient decides without a consultation and can refuse or withdraw at any time e.g. opening mouth for examination

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4
Q

Describe verbal consent

A

Pt verbally states they are happy with a procedure, there may be a discussion of risks and benefits and a continuous discussion

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5
Q

Describe informed consent

A

Discussion regarding the risks, benefits and alternatives to treatment and there is a continuous discussion aided by information over a period of time

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6
Q

When is verbal consent used

A

General examinations e.g. BPE

Minor procedures

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7
Q

When is written consent required

A

Larger and more invasive procedures e.g. extractions
IVS/IHS/GA
Peads
Photographic records

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8
Q

Define competence

A

Competency refers to the mental ability and cognitive capabilities required to PERFORM actions needed to put decisions into effect

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9
Q

How does competency relate to dentistry

A

A patient should fully understand the information given regarding their treatment in order to allow them to make a rational decision

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10
Q

Who is deemed competent and of capacity?

A

All adults are deemed competent and having capacity unless otherwise proven

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11
Q

What is competency a judgement of

A

Legal judgement

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12
Q

Define capacity

A

Individual has the ability to use and understand information to make a decision and communicate any decision made

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13
Q

What is a capacity a judgement of?

A

Medical judgement

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14
Q

Relevance of capacity in dentistry

A

The patient should understand their management, comprehend the risks and benefits, retain information and make a decision based on information provided

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15
Q

What Legislation is important regarding capacity?

A

Mental Capacity Act

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16
Q

Define confidentiality

A

Medical confidentiality is a law whereby the practitioner cannot disclose patient information without their consent

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17
Q

What legislation is important for confidentality

A

Data Protection Act 1998 - patients have a right to keep information about themselves confidential

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18
Q

Why is confidentiality important

A

It ensures trust and allows the patient to feel safe during their interaction

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19
Q

What instances can confidentiality be breached

A
  • Disclosing information to other healthcare professionals involved in the patient’s care
  • As required by law e.g. court order
  • In the sake of public interest, protecting the patient or others who are at harm by not doing so e.g. vulnerable adults or child neglect
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20
Q

When confidentiality is breached when discussing cases between healthcare professionals, what rules should be followed?

A

Information should be limited to only necessary information

Patients should be fully aware each time information is passed on to another person

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21
Q

What is a complaint?

A

An expression of dissatisfaction by a patient or a patient’s representative about a dental service or treatment (or experience in the dental practice), whether justified or not

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22
Q

What is the main reason complaints arise?

A

Patients expectations are not met or accounted for

Poor communication

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23
Q

What is the importance of effective complaints handling

A

Improves rapport
Prevents escalation
Prevents future complaints
Reflective learning

24
Q

What are the guidelines for complaint procedures?

A
  • Visible, clearly written and no jargon
  • Allow complaints to be addressed in due time and allows a fair investigation
  • Confidential
  • Has clear outcomes
  • Leads to improved service
25
Q

List the steps in complaints handling

A
  1. Acknowledge the complaint by writing, email or telephone (within 24 hours)
  2. Inform dental defense union if required
  3. RESPOND to the complaint within 10 days (if not make pt aware of different timesscale)
  4. Hold staff meeting for peer review, audit and feedback on the complaint
26
Q

How to respond to complaints

A 
REACH 
Recognise 
Empathise 
Apologise 
Compensate 
Honesty
27
Q

Where can the pt be directed to if they are not happy with the outcome of a complaint

A
  • NHS complaints procedure services (CPS)
  • Patient Advice Liaison Service (PALS) in hospital
  • Dental Complaints Service (DCS) if private
28
Q

What is an Ombudsman

A

Representative who investigates complaints

29
Q

What are the GDC guidelines for ‘scope of practice’

A
  • Work effectively
  • Have appropriate support
  • Delegate and refer patients
  • Communicate clearly
  • Manage and lead the team using everyone’s skill set
30
Q

What is continuing professional development CPD

A

Mandatory responsibility for dental professionals to keep their skills and knowledge up to date throughout their careers

31
Q

How many hours of CPD do dentists need

A

100 verifiable hours within 5 years

Minimum 10 hours verifiable every 2 years

32
Q

What CPD are mandatory

A 
Medical emergency (10 hours) 
Infection control (5 hours) 
Radiography and protection (5 hours)
33
Q

What are other CPD examples

A 
Law and ethics 
Dental materials 
Photography 
Business 
Complaint handling
34
Q

What do you document for CPD log?

A

A plan (personal development plan)
Hours completed
Evidence for completion

35
Q

What is a clinical audit

A

Measuring a clinical outcome or process against the standards set on the principles of evidence based practice

36
Q

What are the aims of clinical audits

A

Highlight clinical areas requiring improvement

Implement change to improve patient care and outcomes

37
Q

What is required in a clinical audit?

A
  • Aims and objectives
  • Summary and methodology
  • Timetable
  • Detailed educational source materials
38
Q

What is a peer review

A

Groups of dentists and dental care professionals review and evaluate aspects of practice

39
Q

What are the aims of peer review

A

Increased quality of care and safety
Identify areas for change
Share experiences

40
Q

What categories of dentistry may be subject to peer review

A

Clinical care

Administrative care

41
Q

What are the essentials for peer reviews

A
  • identify topics and research them before the meets
  • Topic must be relevant to improving patient care
  • The peer review must demonstrate how changes can be achieved
42
Q

What is the reason for raising concerns

A

Provides the opportunity to open a discussion with the aim of acting in the patient’s best interests - it is not a complaint of malpractice

43
Q

When may a concern be raised in dentistry -

A
  • Health, behaviour or professional performance of a colleague does not put pt interests first
  • Any aspects of the environment where tx is provided does not put pt interests first
  • Someone asks you do so something against your duty to putting pt interests first
44
Q

Who do you raise concerns with?

A

Initially in house with senior colleagues, lead person for raising concerns or employer
For advice - defense organisations and professional associations
More severe cases or no improvement - CQC or GDC

45
Q

What is the process of raising concerns

A
  • Keep a log on series of events e.g. emails, time, dates
  • Familiarise yourself with the practice policy on raising concerns
  • Approach raising concerns lead, practice manager or employer
  • Try to solve in practice/hospital or escalate
  • Contact defence union at any time for informal advice
46
Q

When should concerns be raised with the GDC?

A
  • It is not practical to deal with on a local level
  • The local solution has not solved the issue
  • Serious problem has occurred e.g. violence or illegal practice
47
Q

Who is relevant in terms of safeguarding

A

Children and vulnerable adults

48
Q

Define a vulnerable adult

A

Person above 18 who is or may be in need or community care services by reason of a mental or other disability, age or illness; and is unable to care for themselves or protect themselves from harm of exploitation

49
Q

Who should be contacted in terms of safeguarding

A
  • Safeguarding lead
  • Senior colleague
  • Social services or the police
  • Defence organisations after the immediate situation has been dealt with
50
Q

What are the types of abuse

A
  • Sexual
  • Emotional
  • Physical
  • Verbal
  • Neglect
  • Financial
51
Q

How may neglect or abuse be identified by a dentist

A
  • Frequent caries
  • Plaque stagnation
  • Frequent trauma that has late presentation or story does not correlate to injuries
  • Unclean clothing
  • Poor attender
  • Bruising, bite marks, ,eye injuries, burns
52
Q

Define decontamination

A

Process where reusable items are rendered safe for further handling and use, and involves multiple steps including cleaning, disinfection, inspection and sterilisation

53
Q

Define disinfection

A

Process by which the number of viable harmful micro-organisms are reduced in an area by the use of chemicals (disinfectants) or heats

54
Q

What aspects of the dental surgery are subject to disinfection?

A

Areas that cannot be sterilised e.g. the dental chair, floors, lights

55
Q

Define sterilisation

A

Process by which an object is rendered free from ALL viable harmful microorganisms, including viruses, bacteria and spores.

56
Q

What objects in the dental surgery require sterilisation?

A

Reusable items that are used intraorally on patients

Law and Ethics (3 decks)

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