Introduction - Week 1 Flashcards
bottom-up information
the initial thoughts and coding of a proximal stimulus
top-down information
how we perceive a stimulus with pre-existing knowledge.
i.e. historical context, language, conceptual knowledge, tropes, stereotypes, etc.
attentional blindness
we don’t always see things that are right in front of us
dual-task decrement
the performance of two tasks at once results in a decrease of success.
i.e. using a mobile phone and driving
sustained attention
attentional performance decreases overtime
i.e. airport security
attention
where as to which one places their focus
decision making
the reaction time in association with the knowledge of facts
memory
what one is able to recall about certain events, locations, etc.
i.e. using one’s cognitive map
reasoning
being able to see both sides of the story
language
can be very influential; but, can also be provocative and controversial
first step of cognition
a subset of information is first created through one’s sensory systems and is then later stored reliably
second step of cognition
this information is then further manipulated, compared, and contrasted
dualism v. monism
dualism - the mind and the brain are separate entities
monism - the brain and the mind are one
wundt
introspection!
the ability to take complex experiences and break them down into combinations of simpler sensations and processes
donders
reaction time and mental chronometry!
simple v. choice reaction time
the difference stands in the reaction time that it takes in order for one to perceive a stimulus and further react to it
ebbinghaus
the forgetting curve!
memory tends to decay overtime; however, if you remember something from your distant past, the likelihood is that you’ll remember it forever
watson
classical conditioning!
UCS –> UCR
| |
CS –> CR
classical conditioning - SEAS
Stimulus Generalization - a similar kind of CS can elicit the same CR (generalized)
Extinction - the CS stops predicting the US and the association is extinguished. replaced rather than forgotten
Acquisition - US-CS associations take time to develop. temporal proximity can allow for the bonds to strengthen
Spontaneous Recovery - CS-US relationships begins again and the CR can return (however in a weaker form)
skinner
operant conditioning!
Positive Reinforcement
- doing x gives you what you want and will increase your chances of doing x
Negative Reinforcement
- doing x lets you leave what you don’t want and will increase your chances of doing x
Positive Punishment
- doing x makes you do what you don’t want, and further decreases the chances of x occurring
Negative Punishment
- doing x doesn’t allow you to have what you want, and further decreases the chances of x occurring
chomsky
