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zoonoses > introduction to zoonoses > Flashcards

introduction to zoonoses Flashcards

1
Q

Any disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from animals to humans; it comprises a large percentage of new and existing diseases of humans

A

ZOONOSES

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2
Q

zoon

A

animals

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3
Q

noson

A

disease

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4
Q

causative agents of zoonoses

A

bacteria, virus, parasitic, fungi, unconventional agents

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5
Q

At what period did the scientists believed modern human infectious disease arose?

A

Neolithic period

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6
Q

thought to originate during neolithic period transmitted from cattle to humans

A

tuberculosis

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7
Q

a disease that affects humans and other mammals caused by a bacteria Yersinia pestis

A

plague

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8
Q

rodent flea that carries Yersinia pestis

A

Xenopsylla cheopis

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9
Q

at what year did ancient descriptions of clinical observations and religious dietary practices were found

A

1300

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10
Q

at what year did Jehan de Brie described the first parasite Fasciola Hepatica; Quarantining ships from foreign ports (plague-affected) began; black death

A

1301-1500

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11
Q

at what year did Leeuwenhoek invented microscope and published first descriptions of microorganisms

A

1501-1700

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12
Q

at what year did Linnaeus published Systema Naturae; demonstrated that cowpox protected against smallpox; most cestodes have been described; yellow fever

A

1701-1800

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13
Q

at what year did Zinke demonstrated rabies transmission by saliva in dogs; Gruby described the mycotic etiology; the cholera pandemic

A

1801-1900

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14
Q

at what year did most trematodes have been described; Koch isolated Bacillus anthracis; Gram staining was introduced; Petri dish was introduced; most zoonotic bacteria have been described; transmission of Babesia via ticks

A

1851-1900

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15
Q

at what year did rabies virus were isolated and negri bodies were demonstrated; goats were demonstrated to be the reservoir of Brucella melitensis and goat milk as a source of human infection; Ricketts described te agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; commercial milk pasteurization was introduced; electron microscope was invented; zoonotic rickettsia and virus were isolated; Spanish flu

A

1901-1950

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16
Q

at what year did Marburg disease, Lassa Fever, enteric campylobacteriosis, ebola and lyme disease disease were recognized; smallpox was officially eradicated worldwide

A

1950

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17
Q

what year did AIDS caused by HIV has resulted to 38 million deaths worldwide

A

1960 up to present

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18
Q

first case of SARS in Guangdong province Southern China

A

2002

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19
Q

H1N1 pandemic

A

2009

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20
Q

dramatic increase of ZIKA cases in infants

A

2014 up to present

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21
Q

largest and most complex outbreak of ebola

A

2014-1016

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22
Q

measles outbreak in 24 states

A

2015-2019

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23
Q

COVID 19 pandemic

A

2019 up to present

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24
Q

Disease that has increasing incidence, geographic or host range or their impacts

A

Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)

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25
Q

population at risk

A

children younger than 5
adult older than 65
immunocompromised
pregnant women
health care worker
people handling animals
people working in labs

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26
Q

why is there a need to study zoonoses?

A

to raise awareness of the risk of zoonotic diseases

zoonotic is a public health risk to humans, animals and the environment

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27
Q

infectin transmitted to man from lower vertebrates

A

arthropozoonoses

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28
Q

infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrates

A

zooanthropozoonoses

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29
Q

aphixenoses

A

infections that are maintained in both man and lower vertebrated that may be transmitted in either direction

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30
Q

example of anthropozoonoses

A

rubella, ringworm, Trichomoniasis

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31
Q

example of zooanthropozoonoses

A

influenza A virus, Ascaris lumbricoides

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32
Q

transmitted from humans to lower vertebrated by direct contact with infected person or contaminated materials

A

direct zooanthropozoonoses

33
Q

how do zoonotic diseases spread between animals and humans

A

direct
indirect/ close contact
vectorborne
foodborne
waterborne
airborne

34
Q

example of direct contact

A

anthrax brucellosis
rabies
leptospirosis
salmonellosis
tuberculosis

35
Q

lower vertebrates serve as the reservoir host for zoonotic pathogens which transmits infections to humans by accidental exposures or direct contact with infected population or contaminated materials

A

direct antropozoonoses

36
Q

maintained in naiture either in animal or human population in both directions by direct contact with infected populations or contaminated materials

A

direct amphixenoses

37
Q

infections transmitted from an infected to a susceptible vertebrate host by direct contact, contact with fomite, or by a mechanical vector

A

direct contact

38
Q

require more than one vertebrate species

A

cyclozoonoses

39
Q

cyclozoonoses where there is an involvement of human being to complete its life cycle

A

obligatory cyclozoonoses

40
Q

cyclozoonoses where it does not require involvement of humans to complete its life cycle

A

non-obligatory cyclozoonoses

41
Q

example of cyclozoonoses

A

human taeniasis
echinococcosis
pentasmoid infections

42
Q

infections that are transmitted biologically by vectors

A

metazoonoses

43
Q

1 vertebrate and 1 invertebrate host

A

Subtype 1

44
Q

1 vertebrate and 2 Invertebrate host

A

subtype 2

45
Q

2 vertebrates and 1 host

A

subtype 3

46
Q

transovarian life cycle of zoonotic pathogens in ticks and transmission to human beings

A

subtype 4

47
Q

examples of subtype 4

A

tick borne encephalitis
kyasanur forest disease

48
Q

examples of subtype 4

A

tick borne encephalitis
kyasanur forest disease

49
Q

example of subtype 3

A

eastern equine encephalitis and clonorchiosis

50
Q

example of subtype 2

A

paragonimiosis

51
Q

examples of subtype 1

A

japanese encephalitis and yellow fever

52
Q

infection in which have both vertebrate host and a non-animal development site or reservoir

A

saprozoonoses

53
Q

lower vertebrate and fomites and involvement of human population is only accidental

A

Saproanthropozoonoses

54
Q

example of saproanthropozoonoses

A

Erysipeloid

55
Q

man and lower vertebrate are equally susceptible host

A

saproamphixenoses

56
Q

example of saproamphixenoses

A

histoplasmosis

57
Q

non-animal invertebrate and vertebrate hosts are required

A

sapro-meta-anthropozoonoses

58
Q

example of sapro-meta-anthropozoonoses

A

fasciolosis

59
Q

bacteria from raw meat

A

campylobacter

60
Q

zoonotic diseases that have reservoirs in wild or feral animals, free-living and captive animals

A

sylvatic zoonoses

61
Q

example of sylvatic zoonoses

A

kyasanur

62
Q

infectious disease from humans which are occassionally transferred to animals and are transfered back to people

A

reverse zoonoses

63
Q

example of reverse zoonoses

A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

64
Q

xenotransplantation of an animal tissue or organ into human body

A

xenozoonoses

65
Q

reservoir host of fowl and pigeon

A

14

66
Q

reservoir host of horses

A

16

67
Q

reservoir host of horses

A

16

68
Q

reservoir hosts of goats

A

17

69
Q

reservoir hosts of goats

A

17

70
Q

reservoir hosts of cats and wild birds

A

19

71
Q

reservoir hosts of water buffalo

A

20

72
Q

reservoir hosts of sheep

A

21

73
Q

reservoir hosts of rats and cattle

A

22

74
Q

reservoir hosts of dogs and mice

A
75
Q

reservoir hosts of dogs and mice

A

25

76
Q

Factors affecting the spread of Zoonoses

A
  1. chnage in size and density of human and animal populations
  2. increased movement of human and animals
  3. increased movement of animal products
  4. increased handling of anial products and by-products, wastes and animals especially as occupational exposures
  5. antimicrobial resistance due to indiscriminate use of drugs
  6. environmental changes and destruction of natural habitats of animals
  7. socio-cultural and other anthropological patterns of life
77
Q

recognition of people outside “citadel” (e.g. local clinicians, pathologists, veterinarians, scientists, ecologists, local public health officials, diagnosticians)

A

initial phase

78
Q

diagnostic developments, proof testing, vaccine, drug development, therapeutics, vector control, medical and veterinary care activities; conflicts (e.g. political issues) are also met in this phase

A

intermediate phase

79
Q

rapid case-reporting system, surveillance system, staffing and staff support, logistics, legislation and regulation, clinical system (e.g. isolation, quarantine, patient care), public infrastructure system, sanitation, food hygeine, and public health, reservoir host and vector control

A

final phase

zoonoses (1 decks)

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