introduction to zoonoses

Question 1

Any disease or infection that can be transmitted naturally from animals to humans; it comprises a large percentage of new and existing diseases of humans

Answer 1

ZOONOSES

Question 2

zoon

Answer 2

animals

Question 3

noson

Answer 3

disease

Question 4

causative agents of zoonoses

Answer 4

bacteria, virus, parasitic, fungi, unconventional agents

Question 5

At what period did the scientists believed modern human infectious disease arose?

Answer 5

Neolithic period

Question 6

thought to originate during neolithic period transmitted from cattle to humans

Answer 6

tuberculosis

Question 7

a disease that affects humans and other mammals caused by a bacteria Yersinia pestis

Answer 7

plague

Question 8

rodent flea that carries Yersinia pestis

Answer 8

Xenopsylla cheopis

Question 9

at what year did ancient descriptions of clinical observations and religious dietary practices were found

Answer 9

1300

Question 10

at what year did Jehan de Brie described the first parasite Fasciola Hepatica; Quarantining ships from foreign ports (plague-affected) began; black death

Answer 10

1301-1500

Question 11

at what year did Leeuwenhoek invented microscope and published first descriptions of microorganisms

Answer 11

1501-1700

Question 12

at what year did Linnaeus published Systema Naturae; demonstrated that cowpox protected against smallpox; most cestodes have been described; yellow fever

Answer 12

1701-1800

Question 13

at what year did Zinke demonstrated rabies transmission by saliva in dogs; Gruby described the mycotic etiology; the cholera pandemic

Answer 13

1801-1900

Question 14

at what year did most trematodes have been described; Koch isolated Bacillus anthracis; Gram staining was introduced; Petri dish was introduced; most zoonotic bacteria have been described; transmission of Babesia via ticks

Answer 14

1851-1900

Question 15

at what year did rabies virus were isolated and negri bodies were demonstrated; goats were demonstrated to be the reservoir of Brucella melitensis and goat milk as a source of human infection; Ricketts described te agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever; commercial milk pasteurization was introduced; electron microscope was invented; zoonotic rickettsia and virus were isolated; Spanish flu

Answer 15

1901-1950

Question 16

at what year did Marburg disease, Lassa Fever, enteric campylobacteriosis, ebola and lyme disease disease were recognized; smallpox was officially eradicated worldwide

Answer 16

1950

Question 17

what year did AIDS caused by HIV has resulted to 38 million deaths worldwide

Answer 17

1960 up to present

Question 18

first case of SARS in Guangdong province Southern China

Answer 18

2002

Question 19

H1N1 pandemic

Answer 19

2009

Question 20

dramatic increase of ZIKA cases in infants

Answer 20

2014 up to present

Question 21

largest and most complex outbreak of ebola

Answer 21

2014-1016

Question 22

measles outbreak in 24 states

Answer 22

2015-2019

Question 23

COVID 19 pandemic

Answer 23

2019 up to present

Question 24

Disease that has increasing incidence, geographic or host range or their impacts

Answer 24

Emerging Infectious Disease (EID)

Question 25

population at risk

Answer 25

children younger than 5 adult older than 65 immunocompromised pregnant women health care worker people handling animals people working in labs

Question 26

why is there a need to study zoonoses?

Answer 26

to raise awareness of the risk of zoonotic diseases zoonotic is a public health risk to humans, animals and the environment

Question 27

infectin transmitted to man from lower vertebrates

Answer 27

arthropozoonoses

Question 28

infections transmitted from man to lower vertebrates

Answer 28

zooanthropozoonoses

Question 29

aphixenoses

Answer 29

infections that are maintained in both man and lower vertebrated that may be transmitted in either direction

Question 30

example of anthropozoonoses

Answer 30

rubella, ringworm, Trichomoniasis

Question 31

example of zooanthropozoonoses

Answer 31

influenza A virus, Ascaris lumbricoides

Question 32

transmitted from humans to lower vertebrated by direct contact with infected person or contaminated materials

Answer 32

direct zooanthropozoonoses

Question 33

how do zoonotic diseases spread between animals and humans

Answer 33

direct indirect/ close contact vectorborne foodborne waterborne airborne

Question 34

example of direct contact

Answer 34

anthrax brucellosis rabies leptospirosis salmonellosis tuberculosis

Question 35

lower vertebrates serve as the reservoir host for zoonotic pathogens which transmits infections to humans by accidental exposures or direct contact with infected population or contaminated materials

Answer 35

direct antropozoonoses

Question 36

maintained in naiture either in animal or human population in both directions by direct contact with infected populations or contaminated materials

Answer 36

direct amphixenoses

Question 37

infections transmitted from an infected to a susceptible vertebrate host by direct contact, contact with fomite, or by a mechanical vector

Answer 37

direct contact

Question 38

require more than one vertebrate species

Answer 38

cyclozoonoses

Question 39

cyclozoonoses where there is an involvement of human being to complete its life cycle

Answer 39

obligatory cyclozoonoses

Question 40

cyclozoonoses where it does not require involvement of humans to complete its life cycle

Answer 40

non-obligatory cyclozoonoses

Question 41

example of cyclozoonoses

Answer 41

human taeniasis echinococcosis pentasmoid infections

Question 42

infections that are transmitted biologically by vectors

Answer 42

metazoonoses

Question 43

1 vertebrate and 1 invertebrate host

Answer 43

Subtype 1

Question 44

1 vertebrate and 2 Invertebrate host

Answer 44

subtype 2

Question 45

2 vertebrates and 1 host

Answer 45

subtype 3

Question 46

transovarian life cycle of zoonotic pathogens in ticks and transmission to human beings

Answer 46

subtype 4

Question 47

examples of subtype 4

Answer 47

tick borne encephalitis kyasanur forest disease

Question 48

examples of subtype 4

Answer 48

tick borne encephalitis kyasanur forest disease

Question 49

example of subtype 3

Answer 49

eastern equine encephalitis and clonorchiosis

Question 50

example of subtype 2

Answer 50

paragonimiosis

Question 51

examples of subtype 1

Answer 51

japanese encephalitis and yellow fever

Question 52

infection in which have both vertebrate host and a non-animal development site or reservoir

Answer 52

saprozoonoses

Question 53

lower vertebrate and fomites and involvement of human population is only accidental

Answer 53

Saproanthropozoonoses

Question 54

example of saproanthropozoonoses

Answer 54

Erysipeloid

Question 55

man and lower vertebrate are equally susceptible host

Answer 55

saproamphixenoses

Question 56

example of saproamphixenoses

Answer 56

histoplasmosis

Question 57

non-animal invertebrate and vertebrate hosts are required

Answer 57

sapro-meta-anthropozoonoses

Question 58

example of sapro-meta-anthropozoonoses

Answer 58

fasciolosis

Question 59

bacteria from raw meat

Answer 59

campylobacter

Question 60

zoonotic diseases that have reservoirs in wild or feral animals, free-living and captive animals

Answer 60

sylvatic zoonoses

Question 61

example of sylvatic zoonoses

Answer 61

kyasanur

Question 62

infectious disease from humans which are occassionally transferred to animals and are transfered back to people

Answer 62

reverse zoonoses

Question 63

example of reverse zoonoses

Answer 63

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Question 64

xenotransplantation of an animal tissue or organ into human body

Answer 64

xenozoonoses

Question 65

reservoir host of fowl and pigeon

Answer 65

14

Question 66

reservoir host of horses

Answer 66

16

Question 67

reservoir host of horses

Answer 67

16

Question 68

reservoir hosts of goats

Answer 68

17

Question 69

reservoir hosts of goats

Answer 69

17

Question 70

reservoir hosts of cats and wild birds

Answer 70

19

Question 71

reservoir hosts of water buffalo

Answer 71

20

Question 72

reservoir hosts of sheep

Answer 72

21

Question 73

reservoir hosts of rats and cattle

Answer 73

22

Question 74

reservoir hosts of dogs and mice

Question 75

reservoir hosts of dogs and mice

Answer 75

25

Question 76

Factors affecting the spread of Zoonoses

Answer 76

1. chnage in size and density of human and animal populations 2. increased movement of human and animals 3. increased movement of animal products 4. increased handling of anial products and by-products, wastes and animals especially as occupational exposures 5. antimicrobial resistance due to indiscriminate use of drugs 6. environmental changes and destruction of natural habitats of animals 7. socio-cultural and other anthropological patterns of life

Question 77

recognition of people outside "citadel" (e.g. local clinicians, pathologists, veterinarians, scientists, ecologists, local public health officials, diagnosticians)

Answer 77

initial phase

Question 78

diagnostic developments, proof testing, vaccine, drug development, therapeutics, vector control, medical and veterinary care activities; conflicts (e.g. political issues) are also met in this phase

Answer 78

intermediate phase

Question 79

rapid case-reporting system, surveillance system, staffing and staff support, logistics, legislation and regulation, clinical system (e.g. isolation, quarantine, patient care), public infrastructure system, sanitation, food hygeine, and public health, reservoir host and vector control

Answer 79

final phase