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S1B4: MedMicro > Introduction to Virology > Flashcards

Introduction to Virology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the viruses capable of causing encephalitis? (5)

A

-JC virus -measles -LCM virus -Arbovirus -Ravies

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2
Q

What are the viruses capable of causing common cold? (3)

A

-Rhinoviruses -Parainfluenza virus -Respiratory syncytial virus

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3
Q

What are viruses capable of causing pharyngitis? (3)

A

-Adenovirus -Epstein-Barr virus -Cytomegalovirus

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4
Q

What is the virus capable of causing gingivostomatitis?

A

herpes simplex type 1

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5
Q

What is the virus capable of causing cardiovascular disease?

A

Coxsackie B virus

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6
Q

What are the viruses capable of causing Hepatitis? (5)

A

Hepatitis virus types A, B, C, D, E

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7
Q

What are viruses capable of causing skin infections? (9)

A

-Varicella zoster virus -Human herpesvirus 6 -smallpox -Molluscum contagiosum -Human papillomavirus -Parvovirus B19 -Rubella -Measles -Coxsackie A virus

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8
Q

What are viruses capable of causing eye infections? (3)

A

-Herpes simplex virus -Adenovirus -Cytomeglovirus

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9
Q

What is the virus capable of causing parotitis?

A

-Mumps virus

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10
Q

What are viruses capable of causing pneumonia? (6)

A

-Influenza virus A and B -Parainfluenza virus -Respiratory syncytial virus -Adenovirus -SARS coronavirus -COVID19

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11
Q

What are viruses capable of causing myelitis? (2)

A

-Poliovirus -HTLV-1

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12
Q

What are viruses capable of causing gastroenteritis? (5)

A

-Adenovirus -Rotavirus -Norovirus -Astrovirus -Coronavirus

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13
Q

What are sexually transmitted disease caused by viruses? (3)

A

-Herpes simplex type 2 -Human papillomavirus -HIV

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14
Q

Wha is the virus that causes pancreatitis?

A

-Coxsackie B virus

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15
Q

This type of viral RNA genome is able to be directly translated into proteins

A

sense RNA genome

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16
Q

This type of viral RNA genome must first be reverse-transcribed to produce appropriate mRNA for protein translation.

A

anti-sense RNA genome

-RNA (template RNA genome)

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17
Q

Nucleic acid inside a protein coat

A

nucleocapsid

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18
Q

What is the name for viruses whose nucleocapsid is surrounded by a lipid membrane? Wha is the name for viruses whose nucleocapsid is NOT surrounded by a lipid membrane?

A

Enveloped; Naked

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19
Q

What are the four stages of capsid formation?

A

Individual proteins –> subunit –> protomers –> capsomeres –> procapsid or capsid

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20
Q

What is the name for an assembled capsid that does not yet include genome?

A

procapsid

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21
Q

What is an example of a virus that has two lipid bilayer membranes?

A

Poxvirus

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22
Q

What is the origin of the lipid bilayer envelope surrounding some viruses? When is it acquired?

A

the host cell membrane, it is acquired as the nucleocapsid buds out

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23
Q

Characteristics of enveloped viruses? (5)

A

-sensitive to the environment and GI tract -transmission requires close personal or sexual contact -spreads in large droplets, secretions -spread from organ transplant and blood transfusion -critical role of cell-mediated immune response

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24
Q

Characteristics of naked viruses? (5)

A

-released after lysis of the infected cell -stable (temperature, acid, proteases, detergents, drying) -resistant to poor sewage treatment, GI conditions -Spread easily (fomites, hand to hand, dust, small droplets) -Antibodies may be sufficient for immuno-protection

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25
Q

What are the 4 key steps in viral propagation?

A
  1. Recognition fo target cell 2. Attachment, penetration, and uncoating 3. Macromolecular synthesis 4. Assembly and Release
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26
Q

What features are responsible for determining which cell a virus will infect?

A

Host receptors and Viral Associated protein (VAP)

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27
Q

What is the difference between how naked viruses and enveloped viruses enter a cell?

A

Naked viruses enter using receptor mediated endocytosis (dumping genome inside) Enveloped viruses fuse with cell membrane to deliver nucleocapsid

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28
Q

What is the name of viral hydrophobic proteins that help the viral genome slip into a host cell?

A

viropexis

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29
Q

Name the process of nucleocapsid digestion by cellular proteolytic enzymes. What does this accopmlish?

A

uncoating; this abolishes virus-identifiable structure

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30
Q

What is the time period between uncoating and new virion creation?

A

Eclipse period

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31
Q

Almost all viruses with DNA genome send their genome to the cell’s nucleus. What is the exception?

A

poxvirus - they replicate in the cytoplasm

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32
Q

Almost all viruses with RNA genome replicate their genomes in the cytoplasm. What are the exceptions?

A

retroviruses, othomyxo viridae family members- they replicate in the nucleus

33
Q

Almost all DNA viruses use the host cell’s RNA polymerase to make RNA. What is the exception to this?

A

poxvirus encodes all enzymes for replication and transcription

34
Q

What enzyme must RNA viruses bring with them to replicate their genome?

A

RNA polymerase, because they replicate in the cytoplasm and the host cell does not have RNA polymerase in the cytoplasm

35
Q

What genes are transcribed early in the viral replication cycle? Late in the cycle? What triggers the transcription of late genes?

A

Early genes- DNA-binding proteins and polymerases (nonstructural proteins) Late genes- structural and other viral proteins * triggered by genome replication

36
Q

What is the difference between viral encoded DNA polymerase and host DNA polymerase? Why is this clinically important?

A

viral encoded DNA polymerases are faster but more prone to error Nucleotide analogs serve as antiviral drugs

37
Q

Which types of viruses tend to use host DNA polymerase? Which types of viruses tend to encode their own DNA polymerase? What implications would this have for the types of cells they can infect? Provide examples.

A

small viruses (parvovirus) use host DNA polymerase– can only infect growing cells w/ active DNA polymerases larger, more complex viruses encode their own (herpes & poxvirus)– can infect grown or non-growing cells

38
Q

What pathway is depicted in the image? Draw it.

A

Lysogenic pathway

39
Q

RNA polymerase will be produced very quickly inside infected cells for RNA viruses. Why is this important?

A

RNA is very unstable, so it is important to replicate the genome before it degrades

40
Q

Many +RNA viruses produce a __________, which is then processed by proteases to produce active proteins.

A

polyprotein

41
Q

What does reverse transcriptase (RT) produce? What is the course of this product after it is made?

A

circular cDNA

cDNA travels to the nucleus, and integrated into host chromatin

as a result, viral genome become integral to host genome

42
Q

All viruses depend on these 3 host cell contributions for propagation.

A
  1. ribosome
  2. tRNA
  3. post translationsal machinery
43
Q

Where do DNA viruses assemble? Where do RNA viruses assemble?

A

DNA viruses assemble in the nucleus (except poxvirus). RNA + poxviruses assemble in the cytoplasm.

44
Q

Where are viral glycoproteins sent after being produced?

A

ribosomes–> golgi, sent to specific region of membrane virus will take as envelope

45
Q

Release of what type of virus is slow and continuous?

A

enveloped virus

46
Q

What are the 7 DNA virus families?

A
  1. Parvoviridae
  2. Polyoma
  3. papilloma-viridae
  4. Adenoviridae
  5. Herpesviridae
  6. Poxviridae
  7. Hepadnaviridae
47
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Parvoviridae family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, shape, members

A

genome type: DNA

enveloped/naked: naked

shape: icosahedral

members: parvovirus B19

48
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Polyoma family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, shape, members

A

genome type: DNA

enveloped/naked: naked

shape: icosadeltahedral

members: JC virus, BK virus

49
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Papillmaviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, shape, members

A

genome type: DNA

enveloped/naked: Naked

shape: icosadeltahedral

members: papilomavirus

50
Q

Describe the characteristics of theAdenoviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, shape, members

A

genome type: DNA

enveloped/naked: Naked

shape: icosadeltahedral wiht fibers

members: adenovirus

51
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Herpesviridae family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, shape, members (8)

A

genome type: DNA

enveloped/naked: Enveloped

shape: icosadeltahedral

members: HSV-1&2, varicella-zoster virus, EBV, CMV, HHV - 6, -7, and -8

52
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Poxviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, shape, members

A

genome type: DNA

enveloped/naked: Enveloped

shape: brick-shaped

members: smallpox virus, molluscum contagiosum

53
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Hepadnaviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, shape, members

A

genome type: DNA

enveloped/naked: Enveloped

shape: spheircal

members: Hepatitis B virus

54
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Reoviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: naked

segmented: segmented

shape: icosahedral

members: rotavirus, colorado tick fever virus

55
Q

Describe the charachteristics of the Picornaviridae family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: naked

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: icosahedral

members: rhinoviruses, polioviruses, echoviruses, coxsackievirus, hepatitis A virus

56
Q

Describe the charachteristics of the Calciviridae family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: naked

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: icosahedral

members: Norwalk virus, calcivirus

57
Q

Describe the charachteristics of the Paramyxoviridae family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: shperical

members: measels virus, parainfluenza virus, mumps, RSV, Nipah and Hendra virus

58
Q

Describe the charachteristics of the Orthomyxoviridae family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): segmented

shape: spherical

members: Influenza A, B, C

59
Q

Describe the charachteristics of the Coronavirus family.

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: spherical

members: coronaviruses, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, COVID-19

60
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Arenaviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): segmented

shape: spherical

members: lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, lassa fever virus

61
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Rhabdoviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: bullet-shaped

members: rabies virus

62
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Filoviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveoped

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: filamentous

members: ebloa virus, marbug virus

63
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Bunyaviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): segmented

shape: spherical

members: california encephalitis virus, hemorrhagic fever virus, Hanta virus

64
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Retroviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: spherical

members: Human T-cell leukemia virus type I and II, human immunodeficienty virus

65
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Togaviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: icosahedral

members: rubella, WEEV, EEEV, VEEV, chikungunya

66
Q

Describe the characteristics of the Flaviviridae family

genome type, enveloped/naked, segmented (yes/no), shape, members

A

genome type: RNA

enveloped/naked: enveloped

segmented (yes/no): no

shape: spherical

members: Yellow fever virus, dengue virus, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile virus, HCV

67
Q

Name the three naked RNA virus families

A
  1. Reoviridae
  2. Picornaviridae
  3. Caliciviridae
68
Q

Name the 4 segmented RNA viruses

A
  1. Reoviridae
  2. Orthomyxoviridae
  3. Arenaviridae
  4. Bunyaviridae
69
Q

Name the 4 naked DNA viruses

A
  1. Parvoviridae
  2. Polyomaviridae
  3. Papillomaviridae
  4. Adenoviridae
70
Q

What are the three signs that a cell has been infected by a virus?

A
  1. presence of ds RNA
  2. viral proteins on cell surface
  3. Presence of inclusions in cytoplasm or nucleus
71
Q

What does the outcome and severity of a viral infection depend on?

A
  • tissue tropism
  • virulence of the virus
  • inoculum
  • health of host
72
Q

What are the four outcomes of a viral infection?

A
  1. Failed infection (abortive infection)
  2. Cell death (lytic infection)
  3. Replication without vell death (persistent infection)
  4. Latency with potential for reactivation
73
Q

Antibodies are important for __________ viruses; whereas cell mediated immunity is critical for ___________ viruses.

A

naked; enveloped

74
Q

Titer of virus causing CPE in 50% of cells

A

Tissue culture dose (TCD50)

75
Q

Viral titer equired to kill 50% of the test population

A

Lethal dose (LD50)

76
Q

Viral titer that causes 50% exposed to become ill

A

Infectious dose (ID50)

77
Q

A viral “colony” or CPE units

A

Plaque-forming units (PFU)

78
Q

4-fold titer increase between acute adn convalescent phases (~3 weeks)

A

seroconversion

S1B4: MedMicro (6 decks)

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