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Virology > Introduction to virology > Flashcards

Introduction to virology Flashcards

1
Q

Who discovered the first plant virus and in which year? What was the name of the virus?

A

Tobacco mosaic virus was discovered in 1892 by Dmriti Ivanowski (DI) and Martinus Beijernick (MB)

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2
Q

First animal virus to be discovered was —- in the year ____? Who discovered it?

A
  1. Foot-and-mouth disease virus in the year 1898
  2. Paul Frosch and Friedrich Lauffler
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3
Q

Proper definition of viruses?

A
  • ultra-filterable
  • ultra-visible
    organisms that cannot grow on dead substrates
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4
Q

Characteristics of viruses?

A
  • obligate, intracellular parasites
  • no enzymes for energy acquisition
  • no machinery for protein synthesis
  • no organelles
  • no cellular organization
  • no multiplication by division or reproduction
  • has either dna or rna
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5
Q

what does the general structure of viruses contain?

A
  • envelope made up of protein and lipid bilayer
  • capsid of protein
  • genome
  • accessory proteins
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6
Q

Size of viruses

A

10 raise to the power of -7 to -9

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7
Q

Who discovered the first electron microscope? and which virus did he view and which year?

A

Helmut Ruska in 1938

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8
Q

Three main structures of viruses?

A
  • Icosahedron
  • helical
  • complex
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9
Q

What are the important principles for a virus structure?

A
  • closed shell for protection
  • genetic economy
    -specific strategies for entry and exit
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10
Q

“Protein subunits spare
coding capacity and
represent redundant
antigens” Explain.

A

This means that the protein subunits act as redundant antigens which means that they can act or function as the original proteins if it is unavailable or doesn’t work properly which means that helps to ensure that the virus will work even under unfavorable situations.

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11
Q

Simplest package is a shell that can assemble spontaneously ________

A

from a single component.

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12
Q

Identical subunits with specific interactions in general produce _____

A

symmetric structures

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13
Q

The ________ is the most efficient form (most viruses)

A

Regular isocahedron

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14
Q

What determines the shape of capsids?

A

The number of hedrons and pentons

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15
Q
  1. Envelopes are ______
  2. Infectivity dependent on _________
  3. Protein subunits represent _____
A
  1. Modified cellular membranes
  2. nucleic acid
  3. coding capacity
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16
Q

Connected to the disease:
Based on location first found:
Host and disease:
Discoverer:
According to the assumed origin
Combinations:

A
  1. Measles virus
  2. Ebola virus
  3. Tobacco Mosaic Virus
  4. Epstein-Barr Virus
  5. Influenza
  6. Rous Sarcoma virus
17
Q

What are the ways of classifying a virus?

A
  1. Nucleic acid of the genome
  2. Genome type
  3. Shape of nucleocapsid
  4. Enveloped nucleocapsid or not
  5. Organ tropism or pathogenesis
  6. Location and mode of maturation and replication
  7. Genotype and serotype
17
Q

Structure of adenovirus?

A
  • two protein species: Hexons and Pentons
  • Three Hexons are arranged in a triangular shape
  • Pentons are made up of penton base and they basically attach the other viral components
  • there are 12 pentons and 240 hexons in the structure
18
Q

Ending of:
Family
Order
Subfamily
number of orders and number of families

A

Viridae
Virales
Virinae

8 and 125

19
Q

Facts about Human Papillomviruses:
1. How many HPV types are known to affect humans? What is their genome?
2. About 40 HPV genotypes spread ___
3. Prevalence of HPV in females
4. _____ HPV genotypes („high risk“ HPVs) are recognized as the major cause of
_____
5. Two most common types of HPV

A
  1. more than 100, their genome is dsDNA
  2. through sexual contact
  3. 2-44%
  4. 15, cervical cancer
  5. HPV16 and HPV18
20
Q

Dengue virus:
Family? Mode of transmission?
How is it classified?
A different phenomenon?
How many serotypes? Type of genome?

A

Flaviridae, through mosquitoes
On the basis of the antigens on their surface
ADE
4. SS RNA (enveloped)

21
Q

What is the baltimore classification of viruses? Give examples.

A

ddDNA - Herpes and adenovirus
ssDNA - parvoviruses
ddRNA - Reoviruses
positive sense ssRNA - coronavirus
negative sense ssRNA - influenza and measles viruses
Reverse transcriptase - Retroviruses
DNA with an intermediate RNA - Hepatitis B Virus

22
Q

What are the different types of non-persitent and persistent viruses?

A
  1. a. cytocidal - the infected cells are destroyed, b. non-cytocidal cells: the infected cells are not destroyed and they continue to cause infection.
  2. Chronic: continue to stay in the body for many months and years.
    Latent: stay inactive in the body for sometime
    Transforming: get integrated into the host genome and cause changes which may be passed onto the progeny
23
Q

What is the Henry Ford principle?

A

Basically, the viruses do not replicate themselves and instead make use of the host machinery to replicate their proteins and their genomes. This shows that viruses show an efficiency principle to maximise the production of their particles.

24
Q

What are the important steps of the multiplication cycle of piconarvirus?

A
  1. adsoption
  2. penetration
  3. uncoating
  4. transcription and replication
  5. protein synthesis
  6. assembly
  7. egress
25
Q

Genome replication, capsid
assembly und genome
packing in ____

  • assembly of infectious
    virus particles ____
A
  1. Nucleus
  2. Cytoplasm
26
Q

Important structures of virus:

A
  1. Nucleocapsid
  2. Tegument - important for regulating gene expression
  3. Envelope
  4. GC 1, GC2 and GC3 - stop codons to stop protein synthesis
  5. GPCR (G-protein coupled receptor) - for cell communication and for recognizing cell receptors
27
Q
A

Virology (6 decks)

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