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ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODY FLUIDS > INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS Flashcards

1
Q

Wrote a book in uroscopy

A

Hippocrates

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2
Q

evidence of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics depicting urinalysis

A

Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus

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3
Q

When was color charts developed. 20 different colors of urine and their significance.

A

1140 C.E.

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4
Q

Wrote a book called “Fasciculus Medicinae” in 1491. 1st illustrated medical book printed which depicted urine wheel.

A

Johannes de Ketham

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5
Q

Discovered albuminuria (presence of protein albumin in the urine) by boiling his own urine in 1694

A

Frederik Dekkers

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6
Q

No medical credentials Pisse prophets

A

Charlatans

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7
Q

Published the satirical book “The Pisse Prophet” or “Certain Pisse-Pot Lectures” in 1627 which exposes the fraudulent use of uroscopy by the Charlatans. His book led to the passing of the first medical licensure laws in England.

A

Thomas Bryant/Thomas Brian

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8
Q

Invented the microscope in the late 16th century that led to the examination of urinary sediment or microscopic examination of urine

A

Zacharias-Hans Janssen

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9
Q

Development of methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment

A

Thomas Addis.
ADDIS COUNT - blood cell count in from urine specimen (12hr)

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10
Q

2 Urine Sterile Specimen

A

Suprapubic aspirate
Catheterized

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11
Q

Introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination.

1827- urinalysis became routine test.

A

Richard Bright

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12
Q

Urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations due to the growing number and complexity of tests (not until modern testing techniques rescued routine urinalysis).

A

1930s

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13
Q

Test for glucose in urine

A

ANT TESTING/ TASTE TEST

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14
Q

Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen

A
  1. A urine specimen is readily available and easily collected
  2. Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about many of the body’s major metabolic functions.
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15
Q

Hereditary Disease

A

Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEMS)

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16
Q

CLSI

A

Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute

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17
Q

CLSI defines urinalysis as

A

the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.

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18
Q

The kidney continuously forms ___ as an ultrafiltrate of plasma

A

urine

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19
Q

Urine consists of ___ and other organic and inorganic chemicals dissolved in water.

a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids, accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine.

A

urea

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20
Q

Urine is normally ___% water and ___% solutes.

A

95, 5

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21
Q

Other organic substances include primarily________________________

A

creatinine and uric acid.

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22
Q

The major inorganic solid dissolved in urine is ____, followed by sodium and potassium.

A

chloride

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23
Q

The urine may also contain formed elements, such as ____. Increased amount of these formed elements are often indicative of disease.

A

cells, casts, crystals, mucus, and bacteria.

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24
Q

_____, _____, sodium, and chloride are significantly higher in urine than in other body fluids.

A

Creatinine, urea

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25
Q

_____ and _____ are not present in a normal urine specimen.

A

Protein and glucose

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26
Q

Normal daily urine output is usually ____ to ____ mL. A range of 600 to 2000 mL is considered normal.

A

1200 to 1500

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27
Q

A decrease in urine output (less than 1 mL/kg/hr in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children, and less than 400 mL/day in adults)

seen commonly when the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, dairrhea, perspiration, or severe burns.

A

Oliguria

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28
Q

True or False:

The kidneys excrete two to three times more urine during the night than during the day

A

False

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29
Q

An increase in the nocturnal excretion is termed. (>500 mL/night). SG: 1.018

A

Nocturia

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30
Q

An increase a daily urine volume (greater than 2.5 L/day in adults and 2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day in children)

often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus; however, it may be induced artificially by diuretics, caffeine, or alcohol, all of which suppress the secretion of ADH.

Increase glucose and urine SPG

A

Polyuria

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31
Q

Invasive method for urine collection

A

Suprapubic aspirate and Catheterized collection

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32
Q

Urine processed within ____ hrs upon collected

A

2hr

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33
Q

> 2hrs of urine specimen sample should be subjected to ____

A

preservation

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34
Q

BOARD: How much inorganic compounds/components of urine

Total Dissolved Solids:
Organic= 35g

A

25g.

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35
Q

Most abundant/Major organic molecule

A

Urea. 35g

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36
Q

Second most abundant

A

Creatinine. 1.5g

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37
Q

To Identify if urine:

A

Increased urea and creatinine

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38
Q

Principal salt in the urine

A

NaCl

39
Q

Proteins in the urine due to prolonged standing

A

Orthostatic proteinuria

40
Q

hormones that affects urine composition

A

ADH/AVP (Arginine Vasopressin): Increase water reabsorption (concentrated urine sample)
and Aldosterone: Increase sodium reabsorption/retention (diluted urine concentration)

41
Q

Diuresis

A

process of increasing urine output

42
Q

Micturition/Urination

A

Urinating

43
Q

reflects an individual’s state of hydration

A

Urine volume

44
Q

Complete cessation/stoppage of urine flow. (Less than 100 mL/24hrs or Less than 100 mL/min)

A

Anuria

45
Q

BOARDS: 1 mL of urine sample

A

Anuria

46
Q

Increase ingestion of water

A

polydipsia

47
Q

Excessive hunger. Unused glucose

A

polyphagia

48
Q

A color chart of ___ were transcribed for comparison of urine color

A

20

49
Q

(H) TYPE OF URINALYSIS: commonly performed in screening laboratory, physician offices, patient home testing

A

Dipstick urinalysis (Reagent strips)

50
Q

(B) TYPE OF URINALYSIS: provides a real-time “snapshot” of a person’s urinary tract and metabolic status. Most commonly performed U/A

A

Basic urinalysis (Routine)

51
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
Most routinely encountered urine sample.
For routine and qualitative UA.
Not reliable due to its diurnal variation, physical activity, and dietary intake.

A

Random urine specimen

52
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
Most ideal for urine sample for routine and pregnancy testing
Most concentrated and most acidic
Best for cast and crystal retrieval

A

First Morning Urine/ 8hrs spx

53
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
2nd voided urine after the first morning urine.
For glucose determination.

A

Fasting Urine/Second Morning urine sample

54
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
Diabetic monitoring (insulin therapy)
Specimen collection after a routine meal and 2 hours after
Comprehensive result is compared to FBS and Fasting urine

A

2 hours Post Prandial urine specimen

55
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
Collected together with blood GTT
Number of spx to be collected depends on the number of GTT’s (also tested for ketones)

A

Glucose Tolerance Urine Specimen

56
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
Contains least amount of normal flora contaminants from the distal urethra and external genitalia.
Alternative to catheterized spx.
For routine and CS/GS
Make use of antiseptic towelletes

A

Midstream Clean-Catch Urine Specimen

57
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
More preferred than midstream catch for urine culture.
Passage of hollow tubing through the urethra into the bladder.

A

Catheterized Urine Specimen

58
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
Aspiration directly from the bladder
For urine culture and cytologic examinations
Uses 1% lidocaine as anesthesia
Needle: 22 gauge or 23 gauge

A

Suprapubic Aspirate

59
Q

TYPES OF SPECIMENS:
Difficult to obtain
Make use of a soft, clear plastic bags with hypoallergenic skin adhesive to attach to the genitalia for spx collection
Spx may also be obtained by catheterization/aspiration

A

Pediatric Specimen

60
Q

Most common IEMS in the Philippines

A

Maple Syrup Urine Disorder (MSUD)
Smell: Burnt Sugar Odor/ Caramel

61
Q

specimen sample for Newborn Screening

A

Dried blood spot

62
Q

Test for Newborn Screening for diagnosis of IEMS

A

Gastromatography and Mass spectrometry (GC/MS)
Spx: Urine and/or dried blood spot

63
Q

Indicative of early renal damage. Shows little amounts of albumin in the urine. (does not detected via reagent strip)

A

Microalbuminuria

64
Q

Test used to detect Microalbuminuria

A

Micral test

65
Q

determines the level of substance in the urine (e.g. electrolytes, hormones, proteins, porphyrins etc.)
FOR CONFIRMATORY TEST
12hr/24h urine (BUT PREFERRABLY 24HR)

A

Quantitative Urine Assay

66
Q

detects the presence or increased amount of a substance (E.g. Rapid pregnancy test, test to detect microbial DNA and RNA) chlamydia and trichomonas
FOR SCREENING TEST

A

Qualitative Urine Assay

67
Q

Urine from the Latin word

A

Urina

68
Q

An ultrafiltrate of the plasma

A

Urine

69
Q

A “fluid biopsy” of the kidneys (Brunzel)

A

Urine

70
Q

A waste material that is secreted by the kidneys

A

Urine

71
Q

Protein in the urine due to prolong standing

A

Erthostatic proteinuria

72
Q

2 hormones that affects urine composition

A

ADH/AVP
Aldosterone

73
Q

Process of increasing urinary excretion which leads to polyuria

A

Diuresis

74
Q

Process of urinating

A

Micturition/ Urination

75
Q

Increases sodium retention/ absorption

A

Aldosterone

76
Q

Concentration of solute per kilogram of solvent

A

Osmolality

77
Q

solvent in the urine

A

water

78
Q

Major factors that affect urine composition

A

Dietary intake
Metabolism
Endocrine System

79
Q

HOT WEATHER: urine volume _____

A

decreases

80
Q

COLD WEATHER: urine volume _____

A

increases

81
Q

Indicative of severe renal damage, acute kidney injury (crush injuries), obstruction

A

Anuria

82
Q

Kidney stones.

A

Lithiases

83
Q

Increase glucose levels in the blood. Accompanied by Polyuria, Polydipsia and Polyphagia.

Comes from the word “mellitein” meaning sweet tasting.

A

Diabetes Mellitus

84
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE: No or low receptors of insulin in the tissue cells.

A

Type 2

85
Q

DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE: No or low insulin.

A

Type 1

86
Q

Renal Glucose Threshold

A

160-180 mg/dL or >180 mg/dL

87
Q

True dilution of urine. Accompanied by Polydipsia and Polyuria.

Low SPG
Negative urine glucose

Comes from the word “insipid” meaning tasteless

A

Diabetes Insipidus

88
Q

DIABETES INSIPIDUS TYPE: No or low production of ADH

A

Neurogenic

89
Q

DIABETES INSIPIDUS TYPE: ADH tolerance. Decrease or no receptors in kidneys’ collecting ducts.

A

Nephrogenic

90
Q

Disadvantages of Refrigeration of Urine

A

Precipitation of amorphous urates causes turbid pink urine (uroerythrin)

Decrease specific gravity

91
Q

Remedy for turbid urine due to amorphous urates

A

Heat 40-60 degrees

92
Q

CHANGES IN AN UNPRESERVED URINE SPECIMEN INCREASES (5)

A

PBaCON
pH
Bacteria
Odor
Nitrite
Color

93
Q

CHANGES IN AN UNPRESERVED URINE SPECIMEN DECREASES (6)

A

Clarity
Glucose
Ketones
Bilirubin
Urobilinogen
Cell and Casts

94
Q
A

ANALYSIS OF URINE AND BODY FLUIDS (2 decks)

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