INTRODUCTION TO URINALYSIS Flashcards
Wrote a book in uroscopy
Hippocrates
evidence of ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics depicting urinalysis
Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
When was color charts developed. 20 different colors of urine and their significance.
1140 C.E.
Wrote a book called “Fasciculus Medicinae” in 1491. 1st illustrated medical book printed which depicted urine wheel.
Johannes de Ketham
Discovered albuminuria (presence of protein albumin in the urine) by boiling his own urine in 1694
Frederik Dekkers
No medical credentials Pisse prophets
Charlatans
Published the satirical book “The Pisse Prophet” or “Certain Pisse-Pot Lectures” in 1627 which exposes the fraudulent use of uroscopy by the Charlatans. His book led to the passing of the first medical licensure laws in England.
Thomas Bryant/Thomas Brian
Invented the microscope in the late 16th century that led to the examination of urinary sediment or microscopic examination of urine
Zacharias-Hans Janssen
Development of methods for quantitating the microscopic sediment
Thomas Addis.
ADDIS COUNT - blood cell count in from urine specimen (12hr)
2 Urine Sterile Specimen
Suprapubic aspirate
Catheterized
Introduced the concept of urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination.
1827- urinalysis became routine test.
Richard Bright
Urinalysis began to disappear from routine examinations due to the growing number and complexity of tests (not until modern testing techniques rescued routine urinalysis).
1930s
Test for glucose in urine
ANT TESTING/ TASTE TEST
Two unique characteristics of a urine specimen
- A urine specimen is readily available and easily collected
- Urine contains information, which can be obtained by inexpensive laboratory tests, about many of the body’s major metabolic functions.
Hereditary Disease
Inborn Errors of Metabolism (IEMS)
CLSI
Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute
CLSI defines urinalysis as
the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner.
The kidney continuously forms ___ as an ultrafiltrate of plasma
urine
Urine consists of ___ and other organic and inorganic chemicals dissolved in water.
a metabolic waste product produced in the liver from the breakdown of protein and amino acids, accounts for nearly half of the total dissolved solids in urine.
urea
Urine is normally ___% water and ___% solutes.
95, 5
Other organic substances include primarily________________________
creatinine and uric acid.
The major inorganic solid dissolved in urine is ____, followed by sodium and potassium.
chloride
The urine may also contain formed elements, such as ____. Increased amount of these formed elements are often indicative of disease.
cells, casts, crystals, mucus, and bacteria.
_____, _____, sodium, and chloride are significantly higher in urine than in other body fluids.
Creatinine, urea
_____ and _____ are not present in a normal urine specimen.
Protein and glucose
Normal daily urine output is usually ____ to ____ mL. A range of 600 to 2000 mL is considered normal.
1200 to 1500
A decrease in urine output (less than 1 mL/kg/hr in infants, less than 0.5 mL/kg/hr in children, and less than 400 mL/day in adults)
seen commonly when the body enters a state of dehydration as a result of excessive water loss from vomiting, dairrhea, perspiration, or severe burns.
Oliguria
True or False:
The kidneys excrete two to three times more urine during the night than during the day
False
An increase in the nocturnal excretion is termed. (>500 mL/night). SG: 1.018
Nocturia
An increase a daily urine volume (greater than 2.5 L/day in adults and 2.5 to 3 mL/kg/day in children)
often associated with diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus; however, it may be induced artificially by diuretics, caffeine, or alcohol, all of which suppress the secretion of ADH.
Increase glucose and urine SPG
Polyuria
Invasive method for urine collection
Suprapubic aspirate and Catheterized collection
Urine processed within ____ hrs upon collected
2hr
> 2hrs of urine specimen sample should be subjected to ____
preservation
BOARD: How much inorganic compounds/components of urine
Total Dissolved Solids:
Organic= 35g
25g.
Most abundant/Major organic molecule
Urea. 35g
Second most abundant
Creatinine. 1.5g
To Identify if urine:
Increased urea and creatinine