Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Analysis of Urine and Bodily Fluids > Introduction to Urinalysis > Flashcards

Introduction to Urinalysis Flashcards

1
Q

____ is the testing of urine with procedures commonly performed in an expeditious, reliable, accurate, safe, and cost-effective manner (CLSI).

A

Urinalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Duration of manual urinalysis

A

15 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Duration of automated urinalysis

A

6 minutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

____ is the foundation (beginning) of laboratory medicine.

A

Urinalysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

History of Urinalysis

5th BC

A

Hippocrates wrote a book on “Uroscopy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

References to the study of urine can be found in the ____ and in ____.

A
  • Drawings of cavemen
  • Egyptian hieroglyphics, such as Edwin Smith Surgical Papyrus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

____ wrote a book on “Uroscopy”

A

Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Hippocrates wrote a book on ____.

A

Uroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

History of Urinalysis

Middle Ages

A

Physicians were trained on the “Art of Uroscopy”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

During the Middle Ages, physicians were trained on the ____.

A

Art of Uroscopy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

History of Urinalysis

1140 AD

A

Color charts were developed

Describes the significance of 20 different colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Color charts were developed to describe the significance of ____.

A

20 different colors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

History of Urinalysis

1627

A
  • Thomas Bryant published a book called “Pisse Prophets” which was about charlatans.
  • The book inspired the passing of the first medical licensure laws in England
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

____ published a book about charlatans.

A

Thomas Bryant

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Thomas Bryant published the book called ____.

A

Pisse Prophets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

____ are predictors about health without proper medical background.

A

Pisse prophets (quack doctors/charlatans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Pisse prophets are also called as ____.

A

Quack doctors or Charlatans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

History of Urinalysis

1694

A

Frederik Dekker discovered albuminuria (white precipitates)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

____ discovered albuminuria.

A

Frederik Dekker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Frederik Dekker discovered ____.

A

albuminuria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How did Dekker discovered albuminuria?

A

By boiling the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

History of Urinalysis

17th Century

A
  • Discovery of Microscope by Anton van Leeuwenhoek
  • Development of methods for quantitating microscopic sediment by Thomas Addis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

____ developed methods of quantitating microscopic sediments.

A

Thomas Addis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

History of Urinalysis

1827

A

Richard Bright introduced urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

____ introduced urinalysis as part of a doctor’s routine patient examination.

A

Richard Bright

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

____ led to the passing of medical licensure laws in England.

A

The book “Pisse prophets”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

The first medical licensure laws were passed in ____.

A

England

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Importance of Urinalysis (Unique Characteristics)

A
  • Readily available and easily collected
  • Contains information which can be obtained by inexpensive lab tests
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Reasons for performing Urinalysis

A
  • Aids in diagnosing of disease
  • Screen asymptomatic population
  • Monitor disease progression and effectiveness of therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Situation

A 2 year old patient submitted a 2 mL amount of urine. If the average amount of urine to be submitted is 10-15 mL, should you accept or reject the specimen?

A

Accept but take note in the result form

For patients that are geriatric, pediatric, or with special case.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

In-born errors were discovered due to the ____.

A

peculiar odor of urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Four Parts of Routine Urinalysis

A
  1. Specimen Evaluation
  2. Physical Examination
  3. Chemical Examination
  4. Sediment/Microscopic Examination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Identify which part of Routine Urinalysis

Checking for the following:
* Contamination
* Label
* Amount

A

Specimen Evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is the ideal amount when collecting a urine specimen?

A

10 - 15 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

What is the average amount when collecting a urine specimen?

A

12 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In a 50 mL urine container, the specimen should be ____ full.

A

3/4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Identify which part of Routine Urinalysis

Accepting or rejecting a specimen

A

Specimen Evaluation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Identify which part of Routine Urinalysis

Checking for the following:
* Color
* Volume
* Clarity

A

Physical Examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Identify which part of Routine Urinalysis

Testing the soluble substances or dissolved solids

A

Chemical Examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Identify which part of Routine Urinalysis

Gold standard

A

Sediment/Microscopic Examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Identify which part of Routine Urinalysis

Confirms the result of the latter examinations

A

Sediment/Microscopic Examination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

If the urine specimen is clear red, then it means that ____.

A

The specimen is hemolyzed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

If If the urine specimen is cloudy red, then it means that ____.

A

The RBCs are intact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Ascorbic acid is a ____ which causes a false negative result.

A

reducer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

The kidneys convert approximately ____ of filtered plasma to the average daily urine output.

A

170,000 mL (170 L)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

The average daily urine output is ____.

A

1,200 - 1,500 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

The kidneys form urine as an ultrafiltrate of ____.

A

Plasma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Patients who undergo dialysis usually suffer from ____.

A

heart attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE.

Amino acids should be excreted out of the body.

A

False

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Normal range of urine output

A

600 - 2,000 mL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Amount of glucose absorbed for patients with Diabetes Mellitus

A

160 - 180 mg/dL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

If the amount of glucose reabsorbed exceeds the limit, what will happen?

A

The excess glucose will come out of the urine, therefore the patient will be positive for glucose

REMEMBER: kapag may solute, ang kasunod ay water.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

Urine % Composition

A

95% water + 5% solutes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

Variation in urine concentration may be due to ____.

A
  • Dietary intake
  • Physical activity
  • Body’s metabolism
  • Endocrine function
  • Body’s position
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

Dietary intake relationship to solute concentration

A

Directly proportional (the more we consume, the higher the solute concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

Physical metabolism relationship to solute concentration

A

Directly proportional (high physical activity = high metabolism = high concentration of solute)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What endocrine hormones affect the urine?

A
  • Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  • Aldosterone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Body Position relationship to solute concentration

A

Prolonged standing can cause increased protein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

When urine is positive for protein it can be an indication of ____.

A

kidney problem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Organic Solutes in Urine

A
  • Urea
  • Creatinine
  • Uric acid
  • Hippuric acid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

When will the urine be unsterile?

A

When it passes the urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

____ is the primary organic component of urine.

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Urea is produced in the ____.

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Urea is produced due to the ____.

A

Metabolism of protein and amino acids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

____ is the solute that is predominant in urine.

A

Urea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Creatinine is a product of ____.

A

Metabolism of creatine by muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

Uric acid is a product of ____.

A

Purine metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

____ is the product of creatine metabolism in the muscles.

A

Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

____ is the product of purine metabolism.

A

Uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Amount of urea in a 24 hour urine

A

25 - 35 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Amount of creatinine in a 24 hour urine

A

1.5 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Amount of uric acid in a 24 hour urine

A

0.4 - 1 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Amount of hippuric acid in a 24 hour urine

A

0.7 g

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Amount of other substances in a 24 hour urine

A

2.9 g

75
Q

Inorganic Solutes in Urine

A
  • Chloride
  • Sodium
  • Pottasium
  • Sulfate
  • Phosphate
  • Ammonium
  • Magnesium
  • Calcium
76
Q

____ is the primary inorganic component of urine.

A

Chloride

77
Q

____ is the principal salt in urine.

A

Sodium Chloride

78
Q

Amount of sodium chloride in a 24 hour urine

A

15 g

79
Q

Amount of pottasium in a 24 hour urine

A

3.3 g

80
Q

Amount of sulfate in a 24 hour urine

A

2.5 g

81
Q

Amount of phosphate in a 24 hour urine

A

2.5 g

82
Q

Amount of ammonium in a 24 hour urine

A

0.7 g

83
Q

Amount of magnesium in a 24 hour urine

A

0.1 g

84
Q

Amount of calcium in a 24 hour urine

A

0.3 g

85
Q

Other substances in the urine

A
  • Hormones
  • Vitamins
  • Medications
86
Q

Formed elements in the urine

A
  • Cells
  • Casts
  • Crystals
  • Mucus
  • Bacteria
87
Q

Some changes in urine specimen are caused by ____.

A

viable cells

88
Q

Specimens should be tested within ____.

A

2 hours

89
Q

A specimen that cannot be delivered and tested within 2 hours should be ____.

A

refrigerated or have a chemical preservative added

90
Q

Most of the changes in the urine specimen are related to the ____.

A

presence and growth of bacteria

91
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Color
Change:

A

Modified/Darkened

Cause: Oxidation or Reduction of metabolites

92
Q

Why does the color of our urine darken overtime?

A

Due to the oxidation of Urobilinogen which turns into Urobilin (gives brown pigment)

93
Q

Which component is responsible for the brown pigment of urine?

A

Urobilin

94
Q

Color of urobilinogen

A

colorless

95
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Clarity
Change:

A

Decrease

Cause: Bacterial growth and precipitation of material

96
Q

Why does the clarity of a urine specimen decreases when left unpreserved?

A

Due to the growth of bacteria and precipitation of amorphous material

97
Q

If the specimen clarity decreases, what will happen to the turbidity?

A

Increase

98
Q

If the specimen clarity decreases, what will happen to the transparency?

A

Decrease

99
Q

As the cells increase, the turbidity will ____.

A

also increase

100
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Odor
Change:

A

Increased ammonia smell (ammoniacal)

Cause: Breakdown of urea to ammonia via urease-producing bacteria

101
Q

What is the normal odor of urine?

A

Aromatic or Fragrance

102
Q

Why does the odor of a urine specimen increases when left unpreserved?

A

Due to the growth of urease-producing bacteria, which converts urea to ammonia

103
Q

A chlorine-like smell of urine can be a possible indication of ____.

A

in-born error

104
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: pH
Change:

A

Increased (alkaline)

Cause: Breakdown of urea to ammonia via urease-producing bacteria +

loss of CO2

105
Q

Why does the pH of a urine specimen increases when left unpreserved?

A

Due to the growth of urease-producing bacteria, which converts urea to ammonia, and leads to the loss of CO2

106
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Glucose
Change:

A

Decreased

Cause: Glycolysis and bacterial use

107
Q

Why does the glucose of a urine specimen decreases when left unpreserved?

A

Due to glycolysis and bacterial use

108
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Ketones
Change:

A

Decreased

Cause: Votalization and bacterial metabolism

109
Q

Why does the ketones of a urine specimen decrease when left unpreserved?

A

Due to votalization and bacterial metabolism

110
Q

Ketones are a product of ____ metabolism.

A

lipid

111
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Bilirubin
Change:

A

Decreased

Cause: Exposure to light/photo oxidation to biliverdin

112
Q

Bilirubin came from ____.

A

Heme of hemoglobin (via hemolysis)

113
Q

Heme is converted in the ____ to become bilirubin.

A

liver

114
Q

Bilirubin is converted in the intestine to become ____.

A

Urobilinogen

115
Q

____ is the only analyte that will NEVER become negative.

A

Urobilinogen

116
Q

Urobilinogen travels to the intestine via ____.

A

Bile duct

117
Q

Why does bilirubin increase in urine?

A

Because it is not converted into urobilinogen

118
Q

Why does bilirubin not convert to urobilinogen?

A

Because there might be a blockage or tumor in the bile duct

Iikot sa blood, pupunta sa kidneys, lalabas sa urine.

119
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Urobilinogen
Change:

A

Decreased

Cause: Oxidation to urobilin

120
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Why does urobilinogen of a urine specimen decrease when left unpreserved?

A

Because it undergoes oxidation to urobilin

121
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Nitrite
Change:

A

Increased

Cause: Multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria

122
Q

Why does nitrite of a urine specimen increase when left unpreserved?

A

Due to the multiplication of nitrate-reducing bacteria

123
Q

A positive result in nitrite can indicate the possibility of ____.

A

UTI

124
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: RBCs, WBCs and casts
Change:

A

Decreased

Cause: Disintegration/lyse due to alkalinity

125
Q

Why does RBCs, WBCs, and casts of a urine specimen decrease when left unpreserved?

A

Because they disintegrate or lyse due to the alkalinity of urine

126
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Bacteria
Change:

A

Increased

Cause: Multiplication

127
Q

Changes in Upreserved Urine

Analyte: Trichomonas
Change:

A

Decreased

Cause: Loss of motility, death

128
Q

The most routinely used method of preservation is ____.

A

Refrigeration

129
Q

Temperature for refrigeration to preserve specimen

A

2 - 8 C

130
Q

Why is refrigeration commonly used as a method of preservation?

A
  • Decreases bacterial growth
  • Stops bacterial metabolism (bacteriostatic)
131
Q

Is sterile container required for routine urinalysis?

A

No (as long as the container is clean)

132
Q

Sterile container is only used in ____.

A

Culture and Sensitivity

133
Q

How do we mix urine?

A

By swirling

134
Q

All body fluids are considered biohazardous except ____.

A

Sweat

135
Q

Characteristics of an ideal urine container

A
  • Clean, dry, leak-proof, disposable
  • Screw-top lid
  • Wide mouth and flat bottom
  • Clear plastic
136
Q

Specimen label contents

A
  • Name
  • Age
  • Gender
  • Date and Time of Collection
137
Q

____ causes a yellow foam in the urine.

A

Phenazopyridine

138
Q

Additional information on the requisition form

A
  • Method of collection
  • Type of Specimen
  • Interfering medications
  • Patient’s clinical information
  • Time specimen is received
139
Q

Criteria for specimen rejection

A
  • Unlabeled containers
  • Non-matching labels and requisition form
  • Contaminated
  • Insufficient quantity (depends on the situation)
140
Q

The ____ tells about the amount of solute present in urine.

A

Specific Gravity

141
Q

Specific gravity of urine

A

1.003 - 1.035

142
Q

Specific gravity of distilled water

A

1.000

143
Q

Specific gravity of a patient with diabetes insipidus

A

1.002

144
Q

Normal pH of urine

A

4.0 - 8.0

145
Q

Normal temperature of urine

A

32.5 - 37.5

146
Q

Creatinine of urine

A

50x that of plasma

147
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Most commonly received specimen because of its ease of collection and convenience.

A

Random Urine

148
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

May be collected at any time

A

Random Urine

149
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Useful for routine screening tests to detect obvious abnormalities

A

Random Urine

150
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

May show erroneous results resulting from dietary intake and physical activity.

A

Random Urine

151
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Ideal screening specimen

A

First Morning Urine

152
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Prevents false-negative pregnancy tests and for evaluating orthostatic proteinuria

A

First Morning Urine

153
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Most concentrated (acidic) urine

A

First Morning Urine

154
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

The second voided specimen after a period of fasting

A

Fasting Specimen (Second Morning Urine)

155
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

The specimen will not contain any of the metabolites from food ingested before the beginning of the fasting period.

A

Fasting Specimen (Second Morning Urine)

156
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Recommended for glucose monitoring

A

Fasting Specimen (Second Morning Urine)

157
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Used for monitoring insulin resistance

A

Two-Hour Postprandial Specimen

158
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Collected 2 hours after eating

A

Two Hour Postprandial Specimen

159
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

The urine is tested for glucose and ketones, and the results are reported along with the blood test results as an aid to interpreting the patient’s ability to metabolize a measured amount of glucose and are correlated with the renal threshold for glucose.

A

Glucose Tolerance Specimens

160
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Usually performed for pregnant women

A

Glucose Tolerance Specimens

161
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Used to quantitate amount of solute in urine

A

Timed Specimen: 24 hour

162
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Used for Addi’s count or to quantitate amount of formed elements in the urine

A

Timed Specimen: 12 hour

163
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Used for nitrite determination

A

Timed Specimen: 4 hour

164
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Used for urobilinogen

A

Timed Specimen: Afternoon urine (2-4 pm)

165
Q

When is the best time to collect an afternoon urine specimen?

A

2 - 4 pm

166
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

The most commonly requested specimen for culture and sensitivity

A

Catheterized Specimen

167
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Collected under sterile conditions by passing a hollow tube through the urethra into the bladder.

A

Catheterized Specimen

168
Q

2 Types of Catheterized Specimen

A
  • Urethral
  • Ureteral
169
Q

Determine which type of Catheterized Specimen

Collects urine specimen up to the urinary bladder

A

Urethral

170
Q

Determine which type of Catheterized Specimen

Used to check if the patient has cystitis, UTI, etc.

A

Urethral

171
Q

Determine which type of Catheterized Specimen

Collect urine specimen up to the ureter

A

Ureteral

172
Q

Determine which type of Catheterized Specimen

Used to check if the patient has pyelonephritis

A

Ureteral

173
Q

Determine which type of Catheterized Specimen

To locate whether the infection is on the left, right, or both kidneys.

A

Ureteral

174
Q

If the infection progressed up to the urethra and bladder, then it could lead to ____.

A
  • Lower UTI
  • Cystitis
175
Q

If the infection progressed up to the ureter and kidneys, then it could lead to ____.

A
  • Upper UTI
  • Pyelonephritis
176
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

A safer, less traumatic method for obtaining urine for bacterial culture and routine urinalysis.

A

Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen

177
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

The most invasive among all methods of urine specimen collection

A

Suprapubic Aspiration

178
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Introduction of a needle through the abdomen into the bladder.

A

Suprapubic Aspiration

179
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

The most sterile method of urine specimen collection, guided by an ultrasound.

A

Suprapubic Aspiration

180
Q

Types of Urine Specimen Collection

Performed to check if there is infection in the prostate gland

A

Prostatitis Specimen

181
Q

Individuals who undergo drug testing are called ____.

A

clients

182
Q

Volume of urine for drug specimen

A

30 - 45 mL

183
Q

The container for drug specimen is ____.

A

translucent

Analysis of Urine and Bodily Fluids (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions