Introduction to Understanding Human Development Flashcards
Why do we study child development?
Raising children effectively: anger (and other negative emotions) management;
Choosing social policies: detection and prevention of developmental problems vs treatment; child testimony;
Understanding human nature: effects of early deprivation.
What did Plato and Aristotle both believe?
Plato & Aristotle both believed that long-term welfare of society depended on raising children appropriately
What specifically did Plato believe?
Plato emphasised self-control and discipline; believed child born with innate knowledge.
What specifically did Aristotle believe?
Aristotle was more concerned with fitting child rearing to the needs of individual child. He believed knowledge came from experience.
John Locke
Locke believed that a child is a blank slate (tabula rasa).
Parents set good example of honesty, stability & gentleness.
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
Rousseau believed that children should be given maximum freedom from the beginning. They learn from spontaneous interactions with objects and people.
Social reform movements
Earl of Shaftesbury – children under 10 should not work in mines.
What are the five perspectives of development
Psychoanalytic Behavioural / Social Learning Cognitive Biological Systems
What are the two psychoanalytic theories?
- Freud’s Theory of Psychosexual Development.
2. Erikson’s Theory of Psychosocial Development.
What are the three learning theories?
- Behaviourism
- Operant Conditioning
- Social Learning Theory
What are the three theories of cognitive development?
- Piaget’s cognitive-developmental theory
- Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory
- Information processing perspectives
What are the two ecological theories of development?
- Ethological and Evolutionary Theories
2. The Bioecological Model.
What are the four developmental themes?
- Continuity/Discontinuity
- Individual Differences
- Nature and Nurture
- The Active Child
Psychoanalytic/ psychodynamic theory
Focus on personality development
Frued: effects of conscious and unconscious processes on development
Behaviour is motivated by the need to satisfy basic drives
Id (basic drives)
Ego (reality)
Superego (conscience)
What were Frued’s lasting contributions to developmental psychology?
Role of early experience;
Importance of subjective experience;
Discovery of the unconscious;
Emphasis on the role of emotional relationships in development.
Id
The earliest and most primitive of the personality structures, ruled by the pleasure principle (to obtain maximal pleasure as quickly as possible). Stands for “untamed passions.”
Ego
The mind’s link to the external world of reality. Stands for “reason and good sense.”
Superego
The conscience that enables a child to control behaviour and develop morally. The superego develops through internalization of parents’ standards.
What are the five stages of psychosexual development?
- Oral: 0 - 18 months
- Anal: 18 - 36 months
- Phallic: 3 – 6 years
- Latency: 6 years - puberty
- Genital: puberty →
Frued’s Oral Stage
Oral stage, birth to 1 year: Primary source of satisfaction is oral pleasure, such as sucking and eating. The id controls.
Frued’s Anal Stage
Anal stage, 1 to 3 years: Primary source of pleasure is defecation. The ego begins to develop.
Frued’s Phallic Stage
Phallic stage, 3 to 6 years: Children become interested in their own genitalia and curious about parents’ and playmates’. The superego emerges.
Freud’s Latency Stage
Latency stage, 6 to 12 years: Sexual desires are hidden away in the unconscious; psychic energy is channeled into intellectual and social pursuits. Ego and superego continue to develop.
Frued’s Genital Stage
Genital stage, at puberty: Sexual energy is directed toward opposite-sex peers. Ideally, a strong ego and a superego that is neither too weak nor too strong have developed.