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Clinical Chemistry 3 > Introduction to Toxicology > Flashcards

Introduction to Toxicology Flashcards

1
Q

study of poisons

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

Four major disciplines within Toxicology

A
  • Mechanistic
  • Descriptive
  • Forensic
  • Clinical toxicology
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3
Q

to assess the degree of exposure of poisoned individuals

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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4
Q

“Risk assessment”

A

Descriptive Toxicology

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5
Q

elucidates cellular and biochemical edfects of toxins

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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6
Q

uses the results from animal experiments to predict what level of exposure will cause harm in humans

A

Descriptive toxicology

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7
Q

primarily concerned with the medico legal consequences of toxin exposure

A

Forensic toxicology

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8
Q

establishing and validating the cause of death

A

Forensic toxicology

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9
Q

the study of interrelationships between toxin exposure and disease states

A

Clinical toxicology

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10
Q

emphasizes not only diagnostic testing but also therapeutic intervention

A

Clinical toxicology

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11
Q

commonly used analgesic drug

A

acetaminophen

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12
Q

overdose of acetaminophen is associated with what condition

A

severe heptotoxicity

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13
Q

It is bound with high affinity to various proteins, resulting in low free fraction

A

Absorbed acetaminophen

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14
Q

how is acetaminophen eliminated

A
  • hepatic uptake
  • biotransformation
  • conjugation
  • excretion
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15
Q

Pathway of major concern in acetaminophen

A

hepatic mixed-function oxidase system

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16
Q

Explain the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system

A
  • acetaminophen first transformed to reactive intermediates

- which are then conjugated with reduced glutathione

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17
Q

What does free radicals do to the cell?

A

It causes toxic effect to the cell that leads to

NECROSIS OF THE LIVER

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18
Q

how many days in average adult is acetaminophen detectable?

A

3-5 days

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19
Q

Who is more susceptible to acetaminophen?

A

Alcoholic patients

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20
Q

This eliminates free radicals that can cause cancer

A

Glutathione

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21
Q

Why is alcoholic patients susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity?

A

Because heavy consumers of ethanol metabolize acetaminophen at a more rapid rate than average —–> more rapid formation of reactive intermidiates and increase possibility of depleting glutathione

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22
Q

Example of Acetaminophen commonly used by patients

A

paracetamol

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23
Q

What is other name of aspirin?

A

acetylsalicylic acid

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24
Q

Common use of Aspirin

A

Analgesic
Antipyretic
anti-inflammatory drug

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25
Q

Function of Aspirin

A

decreases thromboxane and prostaglandin formation through inhibition of cyclooxygenase

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26
Q

Drug Classification of Aspirin

A

Anti-inflammatory drug

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27
Q

What TDM stands for? And what is it ?

A

It stands for Therapeutic drug monitoring

Acetaminophen and salicylates ate included here because they can be drugs of abuse if higher dosage was used

28
Q

Other actions of Aspirin

A
  • inhibits Kreb’s cycle

- can cause dehydration due to vomiting

29
Q

Acetylsalicyclic acid is associated with what condition

A

Metabolic acidosis

Reye’s syndrome

childhood viral infections - varicella and influenza

30
Q

It is the direct stimulator if respiratory center

A

Aspirin

31
Q

excessive salicylate ingestion is associated with what condition?

A

Metabolic acidosis

32
Q

result of salicylates inhibiting the Kreb’s Cycle

A

excess conversion of pyruvate to lactate

33
Q

result of salicylates stimulating mobilization and use of free fatty acid during high levels of exposure

A

excess ketone body formation

34
Q

Treatment for overdose of Salicylate

A

neutralizing and eliminating excess acid

maintaining electrolyte balance

35
Q

Methods for quantitative determination of salicylate in serum

A

GC or liquid chronatography methods

immunoassays

Chromogenic assays (Trinder reaction)

36
Q

It provides the highest analytic sensitivity and specificity for salicylate determination in serum

A

GC or liquid chromatography

-but no clinical use because of equipment expenses and technical difficulty

37
Q

most common method for the determination of salicylates

A

Trinder Reaction

38
Q

Method that reacts salicylate with ferric nitrate to form a colored complex

A

Trinder reaction

39
Q

Therapeutic drugs used for narcolepsy and attendtion deficit disorder

A

Amphetamine and Metamphetamine

40
Q

Effects of acetaminophen and methamphetamine

A
  • Initial: increased mental and physical capacity along with a perception of well-being
  • restlessness
  • irritability
  • psychosis
41
Q

effects of Chronic use of Amphetamine

A

Tolerance and psychological dependence

42
Q

Laman term for amphetamine

A

Shabu

43
Q

Result of oversosage of amphetamine

A

Hypertension
Cardiac arrythmias
Convulsions
Possible death

44
Q

compounds chemiclly related to amphetamine

A

Ephedrine
Pseudoephedrine
Phenylpropanolamine

45
Q

screenig procedure of amphetamine

A

immunoassay systems

46
Q

Done to identify amphetamine abuse

A

analysis of urine for the parent drug

47
Q

Confirmation of immunoassay-positive test of Amphetamine

A

Liquid chromatography or GC

48
Q

Specimen for drugs of abuse and the type of test

A

Urine — Qualitative (presence or absence only)

49
Q

Specimen for TDM and type of test

A

Blood —– Quantitative

how high

50
Q

illicit amphetamine derivative

A

Methylenedioxymethylqmphetamine / ecstasy

51
Q

It has high potential for abuse

A

Ecstasy

52
Q

Circulating half - life of Ecstasy

A

8-9 hours

53
Q

How is Ecstasy eliminated in the body?

A

majority by hepatic metabolism

20% is eliminated unchanged in the urine

54
Q

Onset of effect and duration of ecstasy

A

onset of effect: 30-60mins

duration: 3.5 hours

55
Q

Effects of ecstasy

A
  • Hallucinations
  • Euphoria
  • Empathic and emotional responses
  • increased visual and tactile sensitivity
56
Q

Give 5 adverse effects of Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine

A
  • Seizures
  • Renal failure
  • Impaired memory
  • Tachycardia
  • Violent behavior
57
Q

Reference method for the quantitation of acetaminophen

A

High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

58
Q

Most common analytic

method used for serum acetaminophen determination

A

Immunoassay - Competitive enzyme or fluorescence polarization

59
Q

Methods that provide the highest analytic sensitivity and specificity for determination of salicylates

A

Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chroamtography

60
Q

Chromogenic Assay which reacts salicylate with ferric nitrate to form a colored complex

A

Trinder reaction

61
Q

Common immunoassay method used for salicylate

A

Trinder reaction

62
Q

Commonly used screening procedure for amphetamines

A

Immunoassay

63
Q

commonly used for the confirmation of amphetamines

A

Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography

64
Q

used for further analysis and confirmation of Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine

A

GC/MS

65
Q

how should specimen be collected and what to remember

A

Slightly open door
Ph
Creatinine should be positive

Clinical Chemistry 3 (2 decks)

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