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Clinical Chemistry 3 > Introduction to Toxicology > Flashcards

Introduction to Toxicology Flashcards

(65 cards)

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1
Q

study of poisons

A

Toxicology

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2
Q

Four major disciplines within Toxicology

A
  • Mechanistic
  • Descriptive
  • Forensic
  • Clinical toxicology
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3
Q

to assess the degree of exposure of poisoned individuals

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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4
Q

“Risk assessment”

A

Descriptive Toxicology

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5
Q

elucidates cellular and biochemical edfects of toxins

A

Mechanistic toxicology

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6
Q

uses the results from animal experiments to predict what level of exposure will cause harm in humans

A

Descriptive toxicology

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7
Q

primarily concerned with the medico legal consequences of toxin exposure

A

Forensic toxicology

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8
Q

establishing and validating the cause of death

A

Forensic toxicology

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9
Q

the study of interrelationships between toxin exposure and disease states

A

Clinical toxicology

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10
Q

emphasizes not only diagnostic testing but also therapeutic intervention

A

Clinical toxicology

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11
Q

commonly used analgesic drug

A

acetaminophen

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12
Q

overdose of acetaminophen is associated with what condition

A

severe heptotoxicity

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13
Q

It is bound with high affinity to various proteins, resulting in low free fraction

A

Absorbed acetaminophen

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14
Q

how is acetaminophen eliminated

A
  • hepatic uptake
  • biotransformation
  • conjugation
  • excretion
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15
Q

Pathway of major concern in acetaminophen

A

hepatic mixed-function oxidase system

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16
Q

Explain the hepatic mixed-function oxidase system

A
  • acetaminophen first transformed to reactive intermediates

- which are then conjugated with reduced glutathione

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17
Q

What does free radicals do to the cell?

A

It causes toxic effect to the cell that leads to

NECROSIS OF THE LIVER

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18
Q

how many days in average adult is acetaminophen detectable?

A

3-5 days

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19
Q

Who is more susceptible to acetaminophen?

A

Alcoholic patients

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20
Q

This eliminates free radicals that can cause cancer

A

Glutathione

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21
Q

Why is alcoholic patients susceptible to acetaminophen toxicity?

A

Because heavy consumers of ethanol metabolize acetaminophen at a more rapid rate than average —–> more rapid formation of reactive intermidiates and increase possibility of depleting glutathione

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22
Q

Example of Acetaminophen commonly used by patients

A

paracetamol

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23
Q

What is other name of aspirin?

A

acetylsalicylic acid

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24
Q

Common use of Aspirin

A

Analgesic
Antipyretic
anti-inflammatory drug

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25
Function of Aspirin
decreases thromboxane and prostaglandin formation through inhibition of cyclooxygenase
26
Drug Classification of Aspirin
Anti-inflammatory drug
27
What TDM stands for? And what is it ?
It stands for Therapeutic drug monitoring Acetaminophen and salicylates ate included here because they can be drugs of abuse if higher dosage was used
28
Other actions of Aspirin
- inhibits Kreb's cycle | - can cause dehydration due to vomiting
29
Acetylsalicyclic acid is associated with what condition
Metabolic acidosis Reye's syndrome childhood viral infections - varicella and influenza
30
It is the direct stimulator if respiratory center
Aspirin
31
excessive salicylate ingestion is associated with what condition?
Metabolic acidosis
32
result of salicylates inhibiting the Kreb's Cycle
excess conversion of pyruvate to lactate
33
result of salicylates stimulating mobilization and use of free fatty acid during high levels of exposure
excess ketone body formation
34
Treatment for overdose of Salicylate
neutralizing and eliminating excess acid maintaining electrolyte balance
35
Methods for quantitative determination of salicylate in serum
GC or liquid chronatography methods immunoassays Chromogenic assays (Trinder reaction)
36
It provides the highest analytic sensitivity and specificity for salicylate determination in serum
GC or liquid chromatography -but no clinical use because of equipment expenses and technical difficulty
37
most common method for the determination of salicylates
Trinder Reaction
38
Method that reacts salicylate with ferric nitrate to form a colored complex
Trinder reaction
39
Therapeutic drugs used for narcolepsy and attendtion deficit disorder
Amphetamine and Metamphetamine
40
Effects of acetaminophen and methamphetamine
- Initial: increased mental and physical capacity along with a perception of well-being - restlessness - irritability - psychosis
41
effects of Chronic use of Amphetamine
Tolerance and psychological dependence
42
Laman term for amphetamine
Shabu
43
Result of oversosage of amphetamine
Hypertension Cardiac arrythmias Convulsions Possible death
44
compounds chemiclly related to amphetamine
Ephedrine Pseudoephedrine Phenylpropanolamine
45
screenig procedure of amphetamine
immunoassay systems
46
Done to identify amphetamine abuse
analysis of urine for the parent drug
47
Confirmation of immunoassay-positive test of Amphetamine
Liquid chromatography or GC
48
Specimen for drugs of abuse and the type of test
Urine --- Qualitative (presence or absence only)
49
Specimen for TDM and type of test
Blood ----- Quantitative | how high
50
illicit amphetamine derivative
Methylenedioxymethylqmphetamine / ecstasy
51
It has high potential for abuse
Ecstasy
52
Circulating half - life of Ecstasy
8-9 hours
53
How is Ecstasy eliminated in the body?
majority by hepatic metabolism 20% is eliminated unchanged in the urine
54
Onset of effect and duration of ecstasy
onset of effect: 30-60mins | duration: 3.5 hours
55
Effects of ecstasy
- Hallucinations - Euphoria - Empathic and emotional responses - increased visual and tactile sensitivity
56
Give 5 adverse effects of Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine
- Seizures - Renal failure - Impaired memory - Tachycardia - Violent behavior
57
Reference method for the quantitation of acetaminophen
High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)
58
Most common analytic | method used for serum acetaminophen determination
Immunoassay - Competitive enzyme or fluorescence polarization
59
Methods that provide the highest analytic sensitivity and specificity for determination of salicylates
Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chroamtography
60
Chromogenic Assay which reacts salicylate with ferric nitrate to form a colored complex
Trinder reaction
61
Common immunoassay method used for salicylate
Trinder reaction
62
Commonly used screening procedure for amphetamines
Immunoassay
63
commonly used for the confirmation of amphetamines
Gas Chromatography and Liquid Chromatography
64
used for further analysis and confirmation of Methylenedioxymethylamphetamine
GC/MS
65
how should specimen be collected and what to remember
Slightly open door Ph Creatinine should be positive

Clinical Chemistry 3 (2 decks)

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