introduction to the module Flashcards
how does cystic fibrosis occur
-mutations in the DNA underlie this disease
-mutant protein misfiled and are non-functional
-mutant protein can be mislocalised (intracellular trafficking) - in the wrong place due to the misfolding
-this disease presents int he lungs and gastrointestinal tract
-1/30 are carriers of this disease
-autosomal recessive gene
-mutation in CFTR gene
sustainable food culture
-epigenetic editing to develop new crop varieties
-increased crop yield, drought resistance, disease resistance
-tolerance to infections by different to microorganisms
antibody production
-many of the major pharmaceutical drugs are antibodies that are expressed in cell culture systems
-gene expression in heterologous systems
-protein folding secretion
-proteins are designed to be AB to recognise particular cell surface receptors
-can manipulate DNA sequence to get protein of choice
what’s diversity of life forms on earth
-estimated 1 trillion different species on earth but only 0.001% are described
-life forms show incredible diversity in appearance by living systems share common porcesses
-organisms are classified into 3 domains : archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes
-prokaryotes are a mixture of bacteria and archaea
what are the 3 domains that organisms are classified as
-bacteria
-archaea
-eukaryotes
living organisms are comprised of cells: what are the cells like in our body
-cells vary in size
-some organisms are unicellular or multicellular
-multicellular are organisms which are derived from a single cell
what does the cell theory process
-that multicellular organisms are derived from a single cell
-that cells can obtain energy and utilise chemicals
-that cells use hereditary information that is passed on to it progeny
what are some general characteristics of cells
-cells are able to obtain energy either from light and/or chemicals
-cells are able to use available chemicals to grow and multiply
-cells contain hereditary information that is stored in each cell and passed in to its progeny upon cell division
what’s a progeny
offspring or child
what are some physical characteristics of cells
-all cells are enveloped by a plasma membrane- provides a physical barrier between cell and its environment
-eukaryotes contains organelles such as the nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi, lysosomes, peroxisomes and chloroplasts (in plant cells), and cytoskeleton
-vacuoles are prominent in plant cells and present in some animal and bacteria cells
where is hereditary information stored
-all cells chemically story their hereditary information in DNA
-the way in which hereditary information is stored and used is almost universal
-notably DNA in human cells can be used to make human proteins in bacterial cells
what’s the central dogma of molecular biology
-to use hereditary information, DNA must also b used to generate other molecules within the cells
-DNA is copied into RNA by a template-directed polymerisation reaction (transcription) - RNA is used to make a protein
-the flow of information from DNA to RNA then from RNA to protein
-DNA is stable and stored whereas RNA and protein are mass produced and recycled
