Introduction To The Immune Respose

Question 1

Leukocytes

Answer 1

White blood cells

Question 2

Innate cells

Answer 2

Macrophages, dendritic cells, neutrophils etc

Question 3

Adaptive cells

Answer 3

T cells and B cells

Question 4

Lymphatics

Answer 4

Provide drainage from the periphery

Information from periphery is collected and deposited into the blood via the thoracic duct -> to allow the immune system to quickly scan for anything dangerous in the body

Question 5

Lymphoid nodes

Answer 5

Highly organised accumulations of immune cells at lymphatic junctions

Question 6

Lymphadenopathy

Answer 6

Swelling of lymph nodes in response to infection

Question 7

Primary lymphoid organs

Answer 7

Bone marrow and thymus

Question 8

Bone marrow

Answer 8

Where immune cells are made

Question 9

Thymus

Answer 9

Where t-cells mature

Question 10

Secondary lymphoid organs

Answer 10

Where immune responses are initiated

Most important are lymph nodes and spleen -> where T and B cells live

Question 11

Barriers

Answer 11

Epithelial surfaces such as skin and gut have vast surface areas which allow pathogens to enter

Question 12

Competitive barriers

Answer 12

Commensal bacteria out-compete dangerous bacteria in the gut

Question 13

Physical barriers

Answer 13

Top layers of the skin cells are dead so cannot be infected by viruses -> gut epithelium has rapid turnover

Question 14

Chemical

Answer 14

Low pH of skin, vagina and stomach isn not compliant with pathogen inhabitants or growth

Question 15

Flushing barriers

Answer 15

Tears, sweat,mucus -> constant flushing keeps pathogen numbers ow

Question 16

Antimicrobials peptides

Answer 16

Small proteins toxic to bacteria are present in many secretions

Question 17

Anti - viral state

Answer 17

Virally infected cells release interferon alpha and beta -> which induce an antiviral state in neighbouring cells -> resulting in the upregulation of antiviral proteins and antigen presentation -> downregulation of everything else by degrading mRNA and inhibiting protein translation facets -> this suppresses the cell and limits spread of the virus by reducing cell proliferation

Question 18

Danger signals

Answer 18

Signals which indicate there is harm to the body and/or that infectious agents are present

Question 19

Self/non self signals

Answer 19

The immune system can recognise your own proteins (self) and knows not to attack
Anything it doesn’t recognise (non self) it will kill

Question 20

Danger associated molecular patterns (DAMPS)

Answer 20

Molecules released from injured cells e.g DNA, RNA, ATP outside the cell

Question 21

Pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs)

Answer 21

Molecules only produced by infectious agents and not host tissue e.g. Lipopolysaccharide -> bacteria cell wall constituents

Question 22

Pattern recognition receptors

Answer 22

Recognise PAMPs and DAMPs e.g. Toll Like Receptors -> TLR3 binds double stranded RNA, TLR4 binds lipopolysaccharide -> TLR5 bind flagellin