Introduction To The Human Body Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
The study of structure and the relationship among structures.
2
Q
Physiology
A
Study of functions of the body parts, that is, how the body parts work.
3
Q
Subdivisions of Anatomy
A
- Surface anatomy
- Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
- Systemic anatomy (systematic)
- Regional anatomy
- Developmental anatomy
- Embryology (em’-bre-OL-o-je; logos=study of)
- Pathological anatomy (path’-o-LOJ-I-kal; path=disease)
- Histology (hiss’-TOL-o-je; histio=tissue)
- Cytology (si-TOL-o-je; cyto=cell)
- Radiographic anatomy(ra-de-o-GRAF-ik; radio= ray; graph= to write)
4
Q
Surface anatomy
A
Study of the form (morphology) and markings of the surface of the body.
5
Q
Gross anatomy (macroscopic)
A
Study of structures that can be examined without the use of a microscope.
6
Q
Systemic anatomy (systematic)
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Study of specific systems of the body such as the nervous system or respiratory system.
7
Q
Regional anatomy
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Study of a specific region of the body such as the head or chest.
8
Q
Developmental anatomy
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Study of development from the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero.
9
Q
Embryology
A
Study of development from the fertilized egg through the eighth week in utero.
10
Q
Pathological anatomy
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Study of structural changes associated with disease.
11
Q
Histology
A
Microscopic study of the structure of tissue.
12
Q
Cytology
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Microscopic study of the structure of cells.
13
Q
Radiographic anatomy
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Study of the structure of the body that includes the use of x-rays.
14
Q
Levels of structural organization
A
- Chemical level
- Cellular level
- Tissue level
- Organ level
- System level
- Organismic level
15
Q
Chemical level
A
The lowest level of organization, includes all chemical substances essential for maintaining life.
16
Q
Cellular level
A
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism. Among many kinds of cells in your body are muscle cells, nerve cells, and blood cells.
17
Q
Tissue level
A
Are groups of similar cells that together with their intercellular material usually have a similar embryological origin and perform special functions.
18
Q
Organ level
A
Organs are structures that are composed of two or more different tissues, have specific functions, and usually have recognizable shapes. Examples are the heart, liver, lungs, brain and stomach.
19
Q
System level
A
A system consist of an association of organs that have a common function. Example, digestion system, which functions in the breakdown and absorption of food, composed of the mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, liver, gallbladder and pancreas.
20
Q
Organismic level
A
All the parts of the body functioning with one another constitute the total organism - one living individual.
21
Q
Principal systems of human body
A
- Integumentary
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Nervous
- Endocrine
- Cardiovascular
- Lymphatic
- Respiratory
- Digestive
- Urinary
- Reproductive
22
Q
Integumentary definition
A
The skin and structures derived from it, such as hair, nails, and sweat and oil glands.
23
Q
Integumentary function
A
Helps regulate body temperature, protects the body, eliminates wastes, synthesizes vitamin D, and receives certain stimuli such as temperature, pressure, and pain.
24
Q
Skeletal definition
A
All the bones of the body, their associated cartilages, and the joints of the body.
25
Skeletal function
Supports and protects the body, provides leverage, houses cells that produce blood cells, and stores minerals.
26
Muscular definition
Specifically refers to skeletal muscle tissue; other muscle tissues include visceral and cardiac.
27
Muscular function
Participates in bringing about movement, maintains posture, and produces heat.
28
Nervous definition
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs, such as the eye and ear.
29
Nervous function
Regulates body activities through nerve impulses.
30
Endocrine definition
All glands that produce hormones.
31
Endocrine function
Regulates body activities through hormones transported by the cardiovascular system.
32
Cardiovascular definition
Blood, heart, and blood vessels.
33
Cardiovascular function
Distributes oxygen and nutrients to cells, carries carbon dioxide and waste from cells, maintains the acid-base balance of the body, protects against disease, prevents hemorrhage by forming blood clots, and helps regulate body temperature.
34
Lymphatic definition
Lymph, lymphatic vessels, and structures or organs containing lymphatic tissue (large numbers of white blood cells called lymphocytes), such as the spleen, thymus gland, lymph nodes, and tonsils.
35
Lymphatic function
Returns proteins and plasma to the cardiovascular system, transports fats from the gastrointestinal tract to the cardiovascular system, filters body fluid, produces white blood cells, and protects against disease.
36
Respiratory definition
The lungs and a series of associated passageways leading into and out of them.
37
Respiratory function
Supplies oxygen, eliminates carbon dioxide, and helps regulate the acid-base balance of the body.
38
Digestive definition
A long tube called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and associated organs such as the salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
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Digestive function
Performs the physical and chemical breakdown and absorption of food for use by cells and eliminates solid and other wastes.
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Urinary definition
Organs that produce, collect, and eliminate urine.
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Urinary function
Regulates the chemical composition of blood, eliminates wastes, regulates fluid and electrolyte balance and volume, and helps maintain the acid-base balance of the body.
42
Reproductive definition
Organs (testes and ovaries) that are reproductive cells (sperm and ova) and other organs that transport and store reproductive cells.
43
Reproductive function
Reproduces the organism.
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Life processes
1. Metabolism
2. Excitability
3. Conductivity
4. Contractility
5. Growth
6. Differentiation
7. Reproductction
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Metabolism
Is the sum of all the chemical processes that occur in the body. Catabolism, anabolism, ingestion, digestion, absorption, assimilation, respiration, secretion, and excretion.
46
Excitability
Is our ability to sense changes within and around us. We do this by continually responding to stimuli (changes in the environment) such as light, pressure, heat, noises, chemicals, and pain to make adjustments that maintain health.
47
Conductivity
Refers to the ability of cells to carry the effect of a stimulus from one part of a cell to another. This characteristic is highly developed in nerve cells and is developed to a great extent in muscle fibers (cells).
48
Contractility
Is the capacity of cells or parts of cells to actively generate force to undergo shortening and change form for purposeful movements. Muscle fibers exhibit a high degree of contractility.
49
Growth
Refers to an increase to an increase in size. It involves an increase in the number of cells or an increase in the size of existing cells or the substance surrounding cells as internal components increase in size or an increase in the size of the substance surrounding cells.
50
Differentiation
Is the process whereby unspecialized cells change to specialized cells. Specialized cells have structural and functional characteristics that differ from cells from which they originated. Through differentiation,a fertilized egg normally develops into a embryo, fetus, infant, child, and adult, each of which consist of a variety of diversified cells.
51
Reproduction
Refers to either the formation of new cells for growth, repair, or replacement, or the production of a new individual. Through reproduction, life is transmitted from one generation to the next.
52
Catabolism
Provides us with energy needed to sustain life.
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Anabolism
Uses the energy from catabolism to make various substances that form the body's structural and functional components.
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Ingestion
The taking in of foods.
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Digestion
The breaking down of foods into simpler forms that can be used by cells.
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Absorption
The uptake of substances by cells.
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Assimilation
The buildup of absorbed substances into different materials required by cells.
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Respiration
The generation of energy, usually in the presence of oxygen with the release of carbon dioxide.
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Secretion
The production and release of a useful substance by cells.
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Excretion
The elimination of wastes produced as a result of metabolism.
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Anatomical characteristics
Overall structural plan.
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Vertebrates
Organisms characterized by a back bone (vertebral column).
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Tube-within-tube
The outer tube is formed by the body wall; the inner tube is the gastrointestinal tract.m
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Bilaterally symmetrical
Left and right sides of the body are mirror images.
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Anatomical position
The subject is standing erect (upright position) facing the observer, the upper extremities (limbs) are placed at the sides, the palms of the hands are turned forward, and the feet are flat on the floor.
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Directional terms
A way to explain exactly where various body structures are located in relation to each other. Examples are inferior and medial.
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Planes
Imaginary flat services
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Sagittal plane
A vertical plane that devices the body or organs into right and left sides.
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Midsagittal pone
Is a vertical plane that passes through the midline of the body and divides the body or organs into equal right and left sides.
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Parasagittal plane
Vertical plant that does not pas through the midline of the body and divides the body or organs into unequal left and right portions.
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Frontal (coronal) plane
Is a plane at a right angle to a midsagittal (or parasagittal) plane that divers the body or organs into anterior and posterior portions.
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Horizontal plane
Is a plane that is parallel to the ground, that is, at a right angle to the midsagittal, parasagittal, and frontal planes. It divides the body or organs into superior and inferior portions.
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Superior (cephalic or cranial) direction
Toward the head or the upper part of a structure; generally refers to structures in the trunk.
Example: The heart is superior to the liver.
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Inferior (caudal)
Away from the head or towards the lower part of of a structure; generally refers to structures in the trunk.
Example: The stomach is inferior to the lungs.
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Anterior (ventral)
Nearer to or at the front of the body. In the prone position, the body lies anterior side down. In the supine position, the body lies anterior side up.
Example: The sternum is anterior to the heart.
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Posterior (dorsal)
Nearer to or at the back of body.
Example: The esophagus is posterior to the trachea.
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Medial (mesial)
Nearer to the midline of the body or a structure. The midline is an imaginary vertical line that divides the body into equal left and right sides. The anterior midline is on the front surface of the body, and the posterior midline is on the back surface.
Example: The ulna is on the medial side of the forearm.
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Lateral
Farther from the midline of the body or a structure.
Example: The lungs are lateral to the heart.
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Intermediate
Between two structures.
Example: The ring finger is intermediate between the little and middle finger.
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Ipsilateral
On he same side of the body.
Example: The gallbladder and ascending colon of the large intestine are ipsilateral.
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Contralateral
On the opposite side of the body.
Example: The ascending and descending colons of the large intestine are contralateral.
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Proximal
Nearer to the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or structure; farther from the point of origin.
Example: The humerus is proximal to the radius.
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Distal
Farther from the attachment of an extremity to the trunk or a structure; farther from the point of origin.
Example: The phalanges are distal to the carpals (wrist bones).
84
Superficial
Toward or on the surface of the body.
Example: The muscles of the thoracic wall are superficial to the viscera in the thoracic cavity.
85
Deep
Away from the surface of the body.
Example: The ribs are deep to the skin of the chest.
86
Parietal
Pertaining to or forming the outer wall of a body cavity.
Example: The parietal pleura forms the outer layer of the pleural sacs that surround the lungs.
87
Visceral
Pertaining to the covering of an organ (viscus) within the ventral body cavity.
Example: The visceral pleura forms the inner layer of the pleural sacs and covers the external surface of the lungs.
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Body cavities
Spaces within the body that contain internal organs.
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Dorsal body cavity
is located near the posterior (dorsal) surface of the body.
90
Cranial cavity
is a bony cavity that is formed by the cranial (skull) bones and contains the brain.
91
Vertebral (spinal) canal
Which is a bony cavity that is formed by the vertebrae of the back bone and contains spinal cord and the beginnings of spinal nerves.
92
Ventral body cavity
is located on the anterior (ventral) aspect of the body. Its walls are composed of skin, connective tissue, bone, muscle, and a membrane called a serous membrane.
93
Serous membrane
A membrane that lines a body cavity that does not open to the exterior. Also calle the serosa.
94
Viscera
The organs inside the ventral body cavity.
95
Thoracic cavity
Upper portion of the ventral body cavity.
96
Abdominopelvic cavity
A lower portion of the ventral body cavity.
97
Muscular diaphragm (diaphragma = partition or wall)
The anatomical landmark that divides the ventral body cavity into the thoracic and abdominalopelvic cavities.
