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Biology > Introduction to the Human Body > Flashcards

Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

study of the structure of organisms and other parts (labeling)

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2
Q

Define Physiology

A

study of the function of organisms and their parts (blood flow/cardiac cycle in the heart)

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3
Q

Organ Systems: Skeletal System

Function and Structure

A

Structural Support, anchoring points for muscles
rigid bone and flexible cartilage, tendons and ligaments

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4
Q

Organ System: Cardiovascular System

Function and Structure

A

Transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, cells and other molecules

Pump (the heart) and many vessels to carry the blood

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5
Q

Organ System: Respiratory System

Function and Structure

A

exchanges of gases (O2 and CO2) with the external environment respiratory passages and lungs

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6
Q

Organ System: Digestive System

Function and Structure

A

ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients

alimentary canal and associated organs

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7
Q

Organ Systems: Muscular System

Function and Structure

A

Contracts to produce voluntary movement of skeletal and skin

Skeletal Muscles

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8
Q

Organ System: Urinary System

Function and Structure

A

excretion of nitrogenous wastes, pH, ions, and water balance

kidney, bladder, ureters and urethra

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9
Q

Organ System: Endocrine System

Function and Structure

A

Produce hormones to regulate body functions

gland tissues spread through your body

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10
Q

Organ Systems: Reproductive System

Function and Structure

A

production of offspring: gamete production/delivery, site of fertilization (female), site of embryo/fetal growth (female), ovaries and related structures (female) and testes and related structure (male)

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11
Q

Organ System: Integumentary System

Function and Structure

A

covering, lining, and protecting the body

lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, and spleen

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12
Q

Organ System: Nervous System

Function and Structure

A

reception and processing of information, control of body responses and actions

brain, spinal cord and receptors and nerves

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13
Q

Organs:

What they do

A

Performs specific functions in the body as a part of the organ system

usually made of two tissue types

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14
Q

Tissues

A

cells of similar structure and function come together to create tissues when an organism is multicellular

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15
Q

4 major categories of tissues

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

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16
Q

2 main components of tissues

A

cells and extracellular matrix

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17
Q

epithelial tissue

Structure and Function

A

avascular (no blood vessels), classified by the number of layers

line, protect and cover surfaces, tubes and cavities (external and internal), secretion, absorption and filtration of molecules

18
Q

simple epithelial

Structure and where its found

A

cells in a simple layer attached to a basement membrane

lines spaces where cell transport is important or covers areas that are not exposed to a lot of friction

19
Q

stratified epithelial

Structure and where its found

A

cells in multiple layers attached to a basement membrane

found in areas with a lot of friction or needing added strength/toughness

20
Q

3 possible shapes of epithelial tissue

A

squamous, cuboidal, and columnar

21
Q

Squamous epithelial tissue

Structure

A

flat/pillow-shaped

simple: delicate lining

stratified: tough lining/covering (flat shape allows them to stack in many strong layers)

22
Q

Cuboidal epithelial tissue

Structure and Function

A

cube-shaped

secretion

23
Q

Columnar Epithelial Tissue

structure and function

A

tall/column-shaped

secretion and absorption (especially if ciliated, increases surface area for absorption

24
Q

Connective Tissue

Structure and Function

A

two components: cells and extracellular matrix

fill the spaces between other tissues/organs, connect other tissues, store, and transport materials around the body

25
Q

Connective Tissue: Loose Areolar

Structure (type of matrix) and Function

A

Sparse cells in a loose collagen and elastin matrix

flexible support/’glue’ between tissues, absorbs fluid during swelling

26
Q

Connective Tissue: Loose Adipose

Structure (type of matrix) and Function

A

Adipose cells packed with fat (lipids) with very little matrix

energy storage (triglyceride fats), insulation and cushioning around organs (heart, kidney)

27
Q

Connective Tissue: Cartilage

Structure (type of matrix) and Function

A

Cells in a jelly-like matrix of collagen fibers, avascular

flexible support, cushioning in joints, heals poorly due to poor vascularization

28
Q

Connective Tissue: Dense Fibrous

Structure (type of matrix) and Function

A

Dense collagen and elastin matrix with poor blood supply (avascular)

tendons and ligaments (connect bones/muscles), heals poorly due to poor vascularization

29
Q

Connective Tissue: Bone

Structure (type of matrix) and Function

A

Cells trapped in a rigid solid collagen and calcium matrix

rigid support, calcium/fat storage, and blood cell production (contains blood stem cells)

30
Q

Connective Tissue: Blood

Structure (type of matrix) and Function

A

Cells in a liquid matric (plasma) with soluble fibers and other dissolved molecules

transport (cells, gases, nutrients, hormones, etc), body temperature regulation, coagulation (blood clotting)

31
Q

Muscle Tissue

Structure and Function

A

cells in bundles with tightly packed contractile fibers

contractile fibers shorten to produce movement when stimulated by nerves

32
Q

Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle

Structure and Function

A

long, cylindrical shaped cells with multiple nuclei and obvious striation (stripes) and parallel in buncles

voluntary movement of bones and skin of the face

33
Q

Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle

Structure and Function

A

Short, branched cells with a single nucleus, light striations, and special joint junctions 9intercalated discs, a special type of gap junction, and desmosome)

contracts the heart to pump blood (involuntarily)

34
Q

Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle

Structure and Function

A

Short cells with tapered ends with a single nucleus, non-striated

slow, involuntary contractions of hollow organs, tube-shaped structures and sphincters

35
Q

Nervous Tissue

Structure and Function

A

When stimulated, neurons send electrical impulses (action potential as communication signals)

long, delicate cells (neurons) where one end receives signals (dendrites) and the other end sends signals (axons)

Neurons are long so they can reach all the way between different cells in the body

36
Q

Homeostasis

A

despite changing environmental conditions, organisms need to maintain a relatively steady internal physiological state (but not constant/unchanging)

organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis

This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance

37
Q

Examples of Factors/substances in the body that would be regulated by homeostasis

A

internal temperature, rate of nutrient use, water levels in body fluid, ions/salts in body fluid, blood pressure, breathing rate, and hormones

38
Q

Feedback

A

Used to regulate the activity of enzymes and other physiological processes

Stimulus is influenced by its effects/products

39
Q

Which is more common: Negative or Positive?

A

Negative

40
Q

Negative Feedback

A

the effects/products of a process reduce the stimulus

ex: blood sugar, body temperature, hormone secretion

41
Q

Positive Feedback

A

the effects/products of a process enhance/increase the stimulus until some “endpoint” is reached

ex: blood clotting, childbirth/labor, lactation, ovulation, sexual climax

Biology (2 decks)

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