Introduction to the Human Body Flashcards
Define Anatomy
study of the structure of organisms and other parts (labeling)
Define Physiology
study of the function of organisms and their parts (blood flow/cardiac cycle in the heart)
Organ Systems: Skeletal System
Function and Structure
Structural Support, anchoring points for muscles
rigid bone and flexible cartilage, tendons and ligaments
Organ System: Cardiovascular System
Function and Structure
Transport of nutrients, gases, wastes, cells and other molecules
Pump (the heart) and many vessels to carry the blood
Organ System: Respiratory System
Function and Structure
exchanges of gases (O2 and CO2) with the external environment respiratory passages and lungs
Organ System: Digestive System
Function and Structure
ingestion, breakdown, and absorption of nutrients
alimentary canal and associated organs
Organ Systems: Muscular System
Function and Structure
Contracts to produce voluntary movement of skeletal and skin
Skeletal Muscles
Organ System: Urinary System
Function and Structure
excretion of nitrogenous wastes, pH, ions, and water balance
kidney, bladder, ureters and urethra
Organ System: Endocrine System
Function and Structure
Produce hormones to regulate body functions
gland tissues spread through your body
Organ Systems: Reproductive System
Function and Structure
production of offspring: gamete production/delivery, site of fertilization (female), site of embryo/fetal growth (female), ovaries and related structures (female) and testes and related structure (male)
Organ System: Integumentary System
Function and Structure
covering, lining, and protecting the body
lymph nodes, lymphatic vessels, thymus, and spleen
Organ System: Nervous System
Function and Structure
reception and processing of information, control of body responses and actions
brain, spinal cord and receptors and nerves
Organs:
What they do
Performs specific functions in the body as a part of the organ system
usually made of two tissue types
Tissues
cells of similar structure and function come together to create tissues when an organism is multicellular
4 major categories of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous
2 main components of tissues
cells and extracellular matrix
epithelial tissue
Structure and Function
avascular (no blood vessels), classified by the number of layers
line, protect and cover surfaces, tubes and cavities (external and internal), secretion, absorption and filtration of molecules
simple epithelial
Structure and where its found
cells in a simple layer attached to a basement membrane
lines spaces where cell transport is important or covers areas that are not exposed to a lot of friction
stratified epithelial
Structure and where its found
cells in multiple layers attached to a basement membrane
found in areas with a lot of friction or needing added strength/toughness
3 possible shapes of epithelial tissue
squamous, cuboidal, and columnar
Squamous epithelial tissue
Structure
flat/pillow-shaped
simple: delicate lining
stratified: tough lining/covering (flat shape allows them to stack in many strong layers)
Cuboidal epithelial tissue
Structure and Function
cube-shaped
secretion
Columnar Epithelial Tissue
structure and function
tall/column-shaped
secretion and absorption (especially if ciliated, increases surface area for absorption
Connective Tissue
Structure and Function
two components: cells and extracellular matrix
fill the spaces between other tissues/organs, connect other tissues, store, and transport materials around the body
Connective Tissue: Loose Areolar
Structure (type of matrix) and Function
Sparse cells in a loose collagen and elastin matrix
flexible support/’glue’ between tissues, absorbs fluid during swelling
Connective Tissue: Loose Adipose
Structure (type of matrix) and Function
Adipose cells packed with fat (lipids) with very little matrix
energy storage (triglyceride fats), insulation and cushioning around organs (heart, kidney)
Connective Tissue: Cartilage
Structure (type of matrix) and Function
Cells in a jelly-like matrix of collagen fibers, avascular
flexible support, cushioning in joints, heals poorly due to poor vascularization
Connective Tissue: Dense Fibrous
Structure (type of matrix) and Function
Dense collagen and elastin matrix with poor blood supply (avascular)
tendons and ligaments (connect bones/muscles), heals poorly due to poor vascularization
Connective Tissue: Bone
Structure (type of matrix) and Function
Cells trapped in a rigid solid collagen and calcium matrix
rigid support, calcium/fat storage, and blood cell production (contains blood stem cells)
Connective Tissue: Blood
Structure (type of matrix) and Function
Cells in a liquid matric (plasma) with soluble fibers and other dissolved molecules
transport (cells, gases, nutrients, hormones, etc), body temperature regulation, coagulation (blood clotting)
Muscle Tissue
Structure and Function
cells in bundles with tightly packed contractile fibers
contractile fibers shorten to produce movement when stimulated by nerves
Muscle Tissue: Skeletal Muscle
Structure and Function
long, cylindrical shaped cells with multiple nuclei and obvious striation (stripes) and parallel in buncles
voluntary movement of bones and skin of the face
Muscle Tissue: Cardiac Muscle
Structure and Function
Short, branched cells with a single nucleus, light striations, and special joint junctions 9intercalated discs, a special type of gap junction, and desmosome)
contracts the heart to pump blood (involuntarily)
Muscle Tissue: Smooth Muscle
Structure and Function
Short cells with tapered ends with a single nucleus, non-striated
slow, involuntary contractions of hollow organs, tube-shaped structures and sphincters
Nervous Tissue
Structure and Function
When stimulated, neurons send electrical impulses (action potential as communication signals)
long, delicate cells (neurons) where one end receives signals (dendrites) and the other end sends signals (axons)
Neurons are long so they can reach all the way between different cells in the body
Homeostasis
despite changing environmental conditions, organisms need to maintain a relatively steady internal physiological state (but not constant/unchanging)
organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis
This is the condition of optimal functioning for the organism and includes many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance
Examples of Factors/substances in the body that would be regulated by homeostasis
internal temperature, rate of nutrient use, water levels in body fluid, ions/salts in body fluid, blood pressure, breathing rate, and hormones
Feedback
Used to regulate the activity of enzymes and other physiological processes
Stimulus is influenced by its effects/products
Which is more common: Negative or Positive?
Negative
Negative Feedback
the effects/products of a process reduce the stimulus
ex: blood sugar, body temperature, hormone secretion
Positive Feedback
the effects/products of a process enhance/increase the stimulus until some “endpoint” is reached
ex: blood clotting, childbirth/labor, lactation, ovulation, sexual climax
