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MEH > Introduction to the Endocrine System and Appetite > Flashcards

Introduction to the Endocrine System and Appetite Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the hormone melatonin produced?

A

Pineal Gland

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2
Q

Fraction of body fluid as intracellular fluid

A

2/3

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3
Q

Fraction of body fluid as extracellular fluid

A

1/3

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4
Q

Where is the osmotic pressure of blood plasma monitored?

A

In the hypothalamus by osmoreceptors

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5
Q

Osmolarity

A

The number of osmoles per litre of solution (volume)

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6
Q

Osmolality

A

The number of osmoles per kilogram of solution (mass)

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7
Q

Osmole

A

The amount of substance that dissociates in solution to form one mole of osmotically active particles

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8
Q

When is serum osmolality useful?

A

When investigating hyponatraemia

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9
Q

What is ADH and where is it secreted from?

A

Antidiuretic Hormone

Posterior Pituitary

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10
Q

The major endocrine glands (10)

A 
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Pineal
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Thymus
Adrenal
Pancreas
Ovary
Testis
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11
Q

Which other organs and tissues release hormones and what are those hormones?

A 
Heart - ANP & BNP
Liver
Stomach - Gastrin, Ghrelin
Placenta
Adipose - Leptin
Kidney - Erythropoietin, Renin, Calcitriol
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12
Q

Mechanisms of hormones

A

Autocrine
Paracrine
Endocrine
Neurocrine

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13
Q

Classifications of hormones (4)

A

Peptide - Insulin, GH (water soluble)
Amino acid derivatives - adrenaline, noradrenaline, thyrid hormones (adrenal medulla water soluble, thyroid lipid soluble)
Glycoproteins - LH, FSH, TSH (water soluble)
Steroids - all derived from cholesterol, cortisol, aldosterone (lipid soluble)

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14
Q

Roles of carrier proteins

A
  • Increase solubility of hormone in plasma
  • Increase half life
  • Readily accessible reserve
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15
Q

What do water soluble and lipid soluble hormones bind to?

A

Water soluble - cell surface receptors

Lipid soluble - intracellular receptors

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16
Q

Tyrosine Kinase Receptor process

A
  • Dimerisation (except insulin receptor which is already dimerised)
  • Autophosphorylation of specific tyrosines
  • Recruitment of adaptor proteins and signalling complex
  • Activation of protein kinase
  • Phosphorylation of target proteins
  • Cellular response
17
Q

Types of lipid binding

A

Type I - Cytoplasmic receptor binds hormone and receptor hormone complex enters nucleus and binds to DNA
Type II - Hormone enters nucleus and binds to prebound receptor on DNA e.g. thyroid hormone. Binding relieves repression of gene transctiption

18
Q

What does the receptor bind to in lipid soluble hormones?

A

Specific DNA sequence called a hormone response element (HRE) in promoter region of specific gene

19
Q

BMI in obese

A

> 30kg/m^-2

20
Q

Where is the appetite control centre?

A

Hypothalamus, contains several clusters of neurones referred to as nuclei

21
Q

Which nucleus plays a central role in controlling appetite?

A

Acuate nucleus

22
Q

Two types of primary neurones in the acuate nucleus

A

stimulatory - contain peptide Y (NPY) and Agouti-related peptide (AgRP)
Inhibitory - contain pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) which yields several neurotransmitters including a-MSH and B-endorphin

23
Q

Ghrelin

A

Released from stomach wall when empty

Stimulates excitatory primary neurones in arcuate nucleus

24
Q

PYY

A

Peptide tyrosine tyrosine
Released by cells in the ileum and colon in response to feeding
Inhibitits excitatory primary neurones of the arcuate nucleus and stimulates inhibitory neurones

25
Q

Leptin

A

Released into blood by adipocytes
- Stimulates inhibitory (POMC) neurones
- Inhibits excitatory (AgRP/NPY0 neurones
Induces expression of ucoupling proteins in mitochondria, energy dissipated as heat

26
Q

Insulin

A

Stimulates appetite by similar mechanism as leptin, less important than leptin in this respect

27
Q

Amylin

A

Secreted by beta cells in pancreas
Supresses appetite
Decreases glucagon secretion and slows gastric emptying
Pramlintide is an amylin analogue approved for treatment of Type 2 diabetes

MEH (12 decks)

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