Introduction to the CNS Pharmacology Flashcards
What is the primary injection site of spinal cord?
Primary
-> Epidural space
Determine if the following factors should be [ Increased ] or [ decreased ] in order for the drugs to pass through BBB
a) Molecular weight
b) Charge
c) Lipophilicity
Molecular weight
-> decreased
Charge
-> decreased
Lipophilicity
-> increased
Which of the following is the least common?
a) Axodendritic synapse
b) Axosomatic synapse
c) Axoaxonic synapse
d) Dendrodendritic synapse
d) Dendrodendritic synapse
Which of the following(s) is correct?
a) Neurotransmitter must be produced within a neuron
b) Neurotransmitter must be found within a neuron
c) When a neuron is stimulated ( depolarized ), a neuron must release the neurotransmitter
d) When a neurotransmitter is released, it acts on a post - synaptic receptor and cause biological effect
e) After a neurotransmitter is released, it must be inactivated. Inactivation and be through a reuptake mechanism or by an enzyme
f) If the neurotransmitter is applied on the post - synaptic membrane, it should have the same effect as when it is released by a neuron
ALL BITCH ALLLLLLL!!!
Which are the 6 small molecule neurotransmitter substances?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
Dopamine (DA)
Norepinephrine (NE)
Serotonin (5-HT)
Histamine
Epinephrine (EP)
Which are the 4 amino acid neurotransmitters?
GABA
-> Gamma - aminobutyric acid
Glutamate
Glycine
Aspartate
What disease is associated with decreased function of cholinergic neurons?
Alzheimer’s disease
Which of the 4 amino acid neurotransmitters are inhibitory or excitatory?
Inhibitory
-> GABA
-> Glycine
Excitatory
-> Glutamate
-> Aspartate
What are 2 types of Cholinergic receptors?
Muscarinic receptors
Nicotinic receptors
How many types of Muscarinic receptors are there?
And what do they affect?
M1 - M5
-> CNS
-> ANS
–> Autonomic nervous system
—> Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
How many types of Nicotinic receptors are there?
And what do they affect?
N(N)
-> CNS
-> ANS
N(M)
-> Skeletal muscles
Of the 6 types of small molecules neurotransmitter substances, which are parts of the Catecholamine neurotransmitters?
NE
EP
DA
Where are the cell bodies of NE neurons located?
Brainstem
-> Locus ceruleus
-> Medulla
NE axons project widely throughout the brain,
when NE are released, what effects does it produce?
Fight or flight response
-> Alertness
-> Focus
Basic instinctual behaviors
-> Hunger / thirst
NE axons project to the dorsal horn of the spinal cord,
when NE are released, what effect does it produce?
Analgesia
Which of the 3 catecholamine is the major one in CNS ?
DA
Where are the cell bodies of DA neurons located?
Limbic system
-> Nucleus accumbens (NA)
-> Ventral tegmental area (VTA)
What is the precursor of DA?
Levodopa
How many types of Dopaminergic receptors are there?
D1 - D5
Which dopaminergic receptors have been implicated in human pathophysiological diseases? and ITALIANO ( catalepsy ) & Parkinsons disease & Schizophrenia :D
D2 receptor
What is the protein that reuptake Serotonin called?
SERT
-> Serotonin transporter
What is the precursor of 5-HT?
Tryptophan
Where are the cell bodies of 5-HT neuron located?
Raphe Nuclei
-> Pons
-> Medulla
Match the following
Glutamate
Aspartate
Glycine
GABA
Dicarboxylic amino acids
Monocarboxylic amino acids
Dicarboxylic amino acids
-> Glutamate
-> Aspartate
Monocarboxylic amino acids
-> Glycine
-> GABA
Are dicarboxylic amino acids universally excitatory or universally inhibitory?
Universally excitatory
What channel is GABA(A) receptor?
What receptors are GABA(B) receptor?
GABA(A)
-> Ligand - gated Cl- channel
GABA(B)
-> G - protein coupled receptors
Does ‘Glycine’ or ‘GABA’ mediates the inhibitory actions of most local interneurons in the brain?
GABA
Which of the followings are correct?
a) GABA mediates the presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
b) Glycine mediates the presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
c) GABA mediates the postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
d) Glycine mediates the postsynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
a)
c)
d)
Glycine does not mediates the presynaptic inhibition in the spinal cord
What are the steps turnover cycle for glutamate?
- Synaptic glutamate is transported into astrocyte
- Astrocyte convert glutamate into glutamine
- Glutamine is stored and diffuses out of astrocyte
- Glutamine enters presynaptic terminals for production of glutamate
What are the 2 types of Glutamate receptors?
Ionotropic receptors
Metabotropic receptors
What are the 2 types of ionotropic glutamate receptors?
AMPA & kinate receptors
NMDA receptors
Which ions are permeable for AMPA receptors?
Permeable
-> Na+
-> K+
Limited permeability
-> Ca++
Which ions are permeable for NMDA receptors?
Highly permeable
Ca++
Ca++ : Na+ : K+
= 20 : 1 : 1
What receptors are metabotropic receptors?
G - protein coupled receptors
Are both ionotropic receptors and metabotropic receptor present on presynaptic and postsynaptic sites ?
Ionotropic receptors
-> Postsynaptic sites only
Metabotropic receptors
-> Presynaptic sites
-> Postsynaptic sites
What are the 5 types of Ion channel receptor for neurotransmitter? (NMDA & AMPA counts as one : Ionotropic glutamate receptors)
Nicotinic Ach receptors
GABA(A) receptors
Ionotropic glutamate receptors
Glycine receptors
5-HT(3) receptors
What are 4 types of G protein - coupled receptors?
Muscarinic Ach receptors
Metabotropic glutamate receptors
Opioids receptors
All other receptors lol as long as its not ion channel
What are the 4 mechanisms for inactivating neurotransmitters?
Diffusion
Enzymatic degradation
Glia cells
Reuptake
Is Barbiturates or BZD full spectrum?
Barbiturates
What drug can block NE reuptake?
Tricyclic antidepressants
What drug can block 5-HT reuptake?
SSRI
-> Serotonin - specific reuptake inhibitor
What drugs can block DA reuptake?
Cocaine
Amphetamines
What can decompose ACh?
Acetylcholinesterase
After decomposition of ACh,
What are the products,
and what will happen after?
ACh –> Choline + Acetate
-> Nerve terminal uptake
–> Resynthesis of ACh
