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pharm stage 1 > Introduction to the Cell > Flashcards

Introduction to the Cell Flashcards

Introduction to the Cell

1
Q

What is the definition of a cell?

A

A cell is the smallest basic unit of life responsible for all life processes, also known as the building blocks of life.

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2
Q

Who first demonstrated that cells were autonomous and had their own cell walls?

A

Karl Rudolph.

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3
Q

What is the largest and smallest cell in the human body?

A

ovum and sperm

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4
Q

Q: What is the primary function of the mitochondria in eukaryotic cells?

A

A: To produce energy in the form of ATP through aerobic respiration.

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5
Q

Q: What is the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell division?

A

A: Prokaryotic cells divide through binary fission, while eukaryotic cells divide through mitosis.

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6
Q

Q: What are ribosomes responsible for in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

A: Protein synthesis.

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7
Q

Q: What is the role of lysosomes in eukaryotic cells?

A

A: To degrade materials taken up from outside the cell and digest obsolete components of the cell.

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8
Q

Q: What is the main difference between passive and active transport in cells?

A

A: Passive transport (e.g., diffusion) moves substances across the membrane without energy, while active transport requires energy to move larger molecules like proteins.

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9
Q

Q: What is the function of the Golgi apparatus in eukaryotic cells?

A

A: To process and sort proteins received from the ER and prepare them for transport.

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10
Q

Q: What process occurs in the cytoplasm during cellular respiration?

A

A: Glycolysis, where glucose is oxidized to produce pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

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11
Q

Q: What are the primary structural components of a prokaryotic cell?

A

A: Capsule, cell wall, plasma membrane, nucleoid, ribosomes, and flagella.

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12
Q

Q: What are the two types of stem cells in the human body?

A

A: Embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells.

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13
Q

Q: What is the study of cell structure and function called?

A

A: Cell biology.

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14
Q

Q: How do small molecules like oxygen and carbon dioxide pass through the cell membrane?

A

A: Through passive transport (diffusion).

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15
Q

Q: What process do organisms use to generate energy in plants and animals?

A

A: Photosynthesis in plants and respiration in animals.

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16
Q

Q: What is the role of the cell membrane?

A

A: It acts as a barrier, separating the cell from the outside environment and controlling the passage of substances in and out of the cell.

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17
Q

Q: What is the function of ribosomes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

A: Ribosomes are responsible for protein synthesis.

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18
Q

Q: What types of white blood cells are there?

A

A: Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils) and agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes).

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19
Q

largest organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material?

A

nucleus

20
Q

Q: What is the nucleoid in prokaryotic cells?

A

A: The region in prokaryotic cells where DNA is located, as they lack a true nucleus.

21
Q

Q: What is the structure of DNA in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes?

A

A: DNA in prokaryotes is circular, while in eukaryotes it is linear.

22
Q

Q: What role does the Golgi apparatus play in the cell?

A

A: It processes and sorts proteins received from the ER for transport to their final destinations.

23
Q

Q: What is the difference in ribosome size between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

A: Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller and spherical, while eukaryotic ribosomes are larger and linear.

24
Q

Q: What are the three common features of all cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

A

A: DNA, a cell membrane, and cytoplasm.

25
Q

Q: How do prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells differ in terms of their reproductive methods?

A

A: Prokaryotes reproduce asexually via binary fission, while eukaryotes can reproduce both asexually and sexually.

26
Q

Q: What is the primary structural component of the cell wall in most bacteria?

A

Peptidoglycans

27
Q

Q: What are lysosomes and what is their function?

A

A: Lysosomes are organelles that digest materials taken up from outside the cell and break down obsolete components within the cell.

28
Q

Q: What is glycolysis and where does it occur?

A

A: Glycolysis is the first step of cellular respiration, occurring in the cytoplasm, where glucose is oxidized to produce pyruvate, NADH, and ATP.

29
Q

Q: What organelles are involved in the endomembrane system?

A

A: Vesicles and vacuoles, which are membrane-bound sacs involved in transport and storage.

30
Q

Q: What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell membranes?

A

A: Prokaryotic cells have a simpler structure, while eukaryotic cells have a phospholipid bilayer that encompasses organelles within.

31
Q

Q: How are transcription and translation different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

A: In prokaryotes, transcription and translation are coupled (occur simultaneously), while in eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus and translation in the cytoplasm.

32
Q

Q: What are plasmids and which type of cell typically contains them?

A

small DNA molecules in prokaryotic wihch povide phenotypic charecters (resistance to antibiotics)

33
Q

Fucntion of nucleus

A

containcs cell DNA, controlls growth, metabolism and reporduction

34
Q

Q: What is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)?

A

The ER is involved in protein synthesis (rough ER) and lipid synthesis (smooth ER), as well as transporting these molecules to other parts of the cell.

35
Q

Q: What is the Golgi apparatus responsible for?

A

A: The Golgi apparatus modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for storage or transport out of the cell.

36
Q

Q: What is the cytoskeleton and its role in eukaryotic cells?

A

A: The cytoskeleton is a network of fibers that helps the cell maintain its shape and aids in movement.

37
Q

Q: What is the function of chloroplasts in plant cells?

A

A: Chloroplasts are the site of photosynthesis, where light energy is converted into chemical energy in the form of glucose.

38
Q

Q: What is the nucleolus and what does it do?

A

A: The nucleolus is located within the nucleus and is responsible for producing ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and assembling ribosomes.

39
Q

Q: What are pili and what is their function in prokaryotic cells?

A

Pili are hair-like structures that help in the attachment of the prokaryotic cell to surfaces and in the transfer of genetic material between cells (conjugation).

40
Q

Q: What are flagella and their function in prokaryotic cells?

A

tail like,, helps cell move through environment

41
Q

Q: What is the capsule in some prokaryotic cells?

A

A: The capsule is an outer protective layer that helps the cell adhere to surfaces and protects it from being engulfed by other cells (phagocytosis).

42
Q

Q: What are mesosomes and their proposed function in prokaryotic cells?

A

A: Mesosomes are folded regions of the plasma membrane believed to assist in cellular respiration and DNA replication in prokaryotes.

43
Q

Q: What is a key difference between ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

A: Prokaryotic ribosomes are smaller (70S) compared to eukaryotic ribosomes (80S).

44
Q

Q: What is one main structural difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

A

A: Eukaryotic cells have membrane-bound organelles, including a nucleus, while prokaryotic cells do not.

45
Q

Q: What organelles are absent in prokaryotic cells but present in eukaryotic cells?

A

nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum, and Golgi apparatus

46
Q
A

pharm stage 1 (1 decks)

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