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Pharmacology > Introduction to the autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Introduction to the autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Difference between synapses in autonomic and somatic nervous system?

A

In somatic there is no synapse with another neruone before the innervation of the target. (one neurone relay)

In autonomic there is (two neurone relay)

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2
Q

In which nervous system will you find parasympathetic and sympathetic innervation?

A

Autonomic

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3
Q

In the Ans, what kind of visceral sensory information will afferent neurons acquire?

A

Internal environment
Bp
Temperature
Electrolyte balance

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4
Q

In the Ans where does Visceral sensory information is relayed to?

A

Hypothalamus = homeostasis
Nuclei of the medulla
Local preganglionic neuron

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5
Q

What are the two main output systems for visceral ANS?

A
  1. Autonomic system in the lateral hypothalamus projecting to lateral medulla
  2. Endocrine signals via pituitary
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6
Q

Where can visceral afferent neurons initiate autonomic reflxes?

A

Local ganglion, spinal and superspinal level

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7
Q

Where can you find cell bodies for autonomic afferent neurons?
Hint- same for somatic

A

Dorsal root ganglion

Ganglia of cranial nerves

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8
Q

What dictates the responce of a visceral effector cells

A

neurotransmitter and receptors present on the visceral effector cells
Can be either stimulation/excitation or suppression/inhibition

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9
Q

Where do Pre-ganglionic neurone in ANS come from? Are they mylinated or unmylinated?

A

CNS (brain + spinal cord)

They are mylinated

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10
Q

Where do Post-ganglionic neurone in ANS come from? Are they mylinated or unmylinated?

A

Start from Ganglion (periphery) project to effector

Unmylinated

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11
Q

Are neurones in the somatic NS myelinated or unmyelinated?

A

myelinated

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12
Q

Which cranials nerves have parasympathetic innervation?

A

3- occularmotor
7- facial
9-glossopharangeal
10-Vagus

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve has the most parasympathtic innervation?

A

Vagus (95%)

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14
Q

Which plexus does the vagus nerve innovate? Which organs are associated with each?

A

-Cardiac and pulmonary plexi
-Celiac plexus
Liver and gallbladder
Stomach
-Hypogastric plexus
Spleen
Kidneys
Small intestine
Colon (proximal)

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15
Q

What is you enteric NS?

A

Celiac and hypogastric plexi = enteric nervous system
3rd division of ANS
Ganglion are interconnected from the main plexi by unmyelinated axons
It contains:
Primary afferents
Secretormotor neurons (+/-)
interneurons

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16
Q

Function of myenteric plexus and submucosal plexus in the Enteric nervous system

A 
Myenteric plexus: 
-Controls motility
-Circular and longitudinal muscle
Submucosal plexus:
-Controls secretion and muscle in muscularis mucosae layer
17
Q

What do neurons from the sacral region (pelvic splanchnic) innervate? What is the clinical relevance?

A 
S2-S4-
Distal colon
Rectum 
Pelvic viscera
External genitalia

Clinical relevance:
Surgery for colorectal cancer puts pelvic splanchnic at risk of damage-
Bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction

18
Q

What are the spinal cord nerve roots for the sympathetic trunk?

A

T1-L2

19
Q

Where do Preganglionic fibres from the SNS synpase?

A 
1. Paravertebral ganglia
T1-4
Sympathetic chain
2. Prevertebral ganglia
 preganglionc fibers from T5-L2 pass through sympathetic chain to prevertebral ganglia
  1. Adrenal gland
20
Q

How many sympathetic chains are there? Where are they located?

A

2 on either side of the spinal cord

21
Q

How many pairs of ganglion are in each sympathetic trunk?

A

25 pairs joined by nerve trunk

22
Q

What is divergence in the SNS?

A

pre-ganglionic fibres branch out to postganglionic fibres at different levels of the chain

23
Q

What is Convergence in the SNS?

A

a postganglionic neuron can receive information from many pre-ganglioinic fibres

24
Q

How do preganglionic axons of SNS leave the spinal cord?

A

Leave via ventral root between T1 and L2 and travel via the white rami

25
Q

What does the Prevertebral ganglia innervate? What level are the fibers?

A

Sympathetic innervation of the abdominal viscera:

26
Q

How many splanic nerves are there? What is there fibers? Where do they synapse?

A

2
T5-T9 = Great splanchnic nerve
T10-T12 = Lesser splanchnic nerve
They synapse postganglionic neurons in celiac ganglion ot the superior mesenteric ganglia

27
Q

What is the path of L1-L2 sympathetic preganglionic fibers?

A

Do not synapse at the sympathetic chain but on the postganglionic neurons in inferior mesenteric ganglion

28
Q

what does the inferior mesenteric ganglion innervate?

A

transverse and distal colon rectum bladder and genital

29
Q

How do Sympathetic pre-ganglionic fibres project to the adrenal medulla?

A

Directly, no synapse

30
Q

What is the consequnce of adrenal medulla stimulation by sympathetic fibers?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline secretion into blood

31
Q

In the sympathetic nervous system what is the preganglioic and post ganglionic neurotransmitter? Which oragn is an exception to this rule?

A

Pre-ganglionic (ACH)
Post-(NE)
Exception- sweat glands it is ACH for both

32
Q

What is tonic activity?

A

Always active and level of activity determines which is predominant (para or sym)
Salvia production
Tear secretion

33
Q

Phasic activity

A

Only needed at certain times so one becomes active to take control (para or sym)
Sexual activity
Urination
Pancreatic secretion

34
Q

What is involved in rest and digest?

A 
Increased secretion from salivary glands
Increase GI motility and secretion
Bladder contraction
Sphincter relaxation 
Decrease heart rate and contractility
Bronchoconstriction and secretion
Contract pupils (miosis) and thickens lens (short range vision)
Lacrimation (crying) and erection (vasodilatation)
35
Q

What is involved during fight or flight?

A

Increased heart rate and contractility
Decreased blood flow to GI tract and skin (vasoconstriction)
Increased blood flow to skeletal muscle (vasodilatation)
Increased adrenaline and noradrenaline release from adrenal medulla
Bronchodilation and glycogenolysis in skeletal muscle (circulating adrenaline)
Dilation of pupil (mydriasis) and flattening of lens (long range vision)

Pharmacology (7 decks)

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