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Year 2: Pharmacology and Therapeutics > Introduction to the ANS > Flashcards

Introduction to the ANS Flashcards

1
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

Skeletal muscle (including diaphragm and respiratory muscle)

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2
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system control?

A

Smooth, and cardiac muscle, exocrine glands, metabolism, host defence=

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3
Q

What does the neuroendocrine system control?

A

Growth, metabolism, reproduction, development, salt & water defence

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4
Q

Which part of the ANS controls pupil dilation and constriction?

A

Dilation - Sympathetic NS

Constriction - Parasympathetic NS

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5
Q

Which nerve innervates the stomach that controls digestion?

A

Vagus

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6
Q

Describes the effects baroreceptors have when stimulated?

A

Stimulatory effect on parasympathetic nerves which activate an inhibitory nerve to the heart - decreases HR
Inhibitory effect on the sympathetic nerves - sympathetic stimulation increases HR, it has an effect on the heart and the arterioles and veins.
The arterioles and veins are controlled by sympathetic nerves NEVER by parasympathetic. Arterioles; Constriction and dilation

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7
Q

What is the BP proportional to?

A

Baroreceptor firing rate

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8
Q

What NS dominates the heart?

A

Parasympathetic

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9
Q

Draw the diagram for the control of HR with the nerves.

A

See diagram

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10
Q

See diagram with principle target and functions of the ANS

A

See diagram

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11
Q

What controls the ciliary muscle?

A

Parasympathetic NS

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12
Q

What nerves supply the trachea and bronchioles?

A

Parasympathetic nerves, no sympathetic. There are still sympathetic effects cause Adrenaline is delivered to the lungs.

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13
Q

What effect does parasympathetic innervation have on the lungs?

A

Constriction

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14
Q

What nerves supply blood vessels and what do they do?

A

Sympathetic - dilate and constrict

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15
Q

Draw a diagram for the neurotransmitters and receptors in the ANS

A

See diagram - need to know which neurotransmitter is released from which nerve in the PNS and the SNS as well as receptors

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16
Q

How can the PNS be described as?

A

Discrete and localised - 1:1 pre vs post ganglionic neurone

17
Q

How can the SNS be described as?

A

Coordinated response and divergent - 1:20 pre vs post ganglionic neurone

18
Q

Where does the PNS and SNS originate from?

A

PNS: cranial + sacral
SNS: Thoracic + lumbar

19
Q

Where does sensory information of the gut go to?

A

Information is relayed to submucosal and myenteric plexus via interneurones

20
Q

What are the receptors are the targets for ACh?

A

Nicotinic and Muscarinic receptors

21
Q

Describe the Nicotinic receptor

A

1) Found in all autonomic ganglia - they transfer stimulus from the preganglionic to the post ganglionic neurone
2) Type 1 - iontropic. They are ion channel linked
3) FAST
4) Activated by ACh/nicotine and blocked by hexamethonium and trimetaphan

22
Q

Describe the Muscarinic receptor

A

1) Found on all target organs innervated by post ganglionic parasympathetic nerves
2) Type 2 - G-protein coupled
3) Slower than nicotinic
4) Activated by ACh/Muscarine and blocked by atropine and hyoscine

23
Q

What one exception has muscarinic receptors?

A

Sweat glands - sympathetic innervation but releases ACh so activates muscarinic receptors on sweat glands

24
Q

Where can muscarinic receptors be found?

A

Found on any target organ where the post ganglionic neurone releases ACh

25
Q

Which ANS tends to increase urinary frequency?

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

26
Q

What effect would blockage of nicotinic ACh receptors have on heart rate at rest and during exercise?

A

Rest: HR increases
Exercise: HR lower than expected
This question requires you to think about which effect is dominant when. Important

27
Q

What are the sub-types of Muscarinic receptors?

A 
M1 - Neural
M2 - Cardiac
M3 - Exocrine and Smooth muscle
M4 - Periphery
M5 - Striatal dopamine release
28
Q

What are the sub-types of Adrenoreceptors?

A

a1
a2
b1
b2

29
Q

Describe the adrenoreceptors

A

1) These receptors are found on the end of the sympathetic nervous system
2) There are 4 subtypes
3) G-protein coupled
4) Stimulated by NA and by A produced by the adrenal medulla

30
Q

What blocks nictoinic receptors?

A

Hexamethonium

31
Q

What blocks muscarinic receptors?

A

Atropine

32
Q

What NS controls the vascular system?

A

SNS
a1 - constricts
b2 - dilates

33
Q

Describe the synthesis, release and metabolism of ACh

A

See diagram - all reactants, products and enzymes must be known

34
Q

Describe the synthesis, release, reuptake and metabolism or noradrenaline

A

See diagram - all reactants, products and enzymes must be known

35
Q

What receptors does NA bind to?

A

Adrenoreceptors

Year 2: Pharmacology and Therapeutics (33 decks)

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