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Fundamentals of Pathology > Introduction to Structure & Function of Blood > Flashcards

Introduction to Structure & Function of Blood Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of blood?

A

plasma and cells

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2
Q

describe erythrocytes

A
  • have no nucleus, mitochondria, DNA or RNA

- biconcave shape

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3
Q

what are the different types of leukocytes?

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes and lymphocytes

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4
Q

describe neutrophils

A
  • polymorphonuclear: irregular, multi lobed nucleus

- are granulocytes: prominent cytoplasmic granules

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5
Q

describe eosinophils and basophils

A

are granulocytes: have prominent cytoplasmic granules

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6
Q

describe monocytes and lymphocytes

A
  • monocytes are the largest leukocyte
  • both lack granules
  • have regular nuclei
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7
Q

what are platelets?

A

membrane bound cytoplasmic fragments with no nucleus and contain granules

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8
Q

where are mature blood cells produced?

A

from stem cells in the bone marrow

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9
Q

what is plasma?

A

the fluid component of blood containing H2O, salts, proteins an d organic molecules such as metabolites and carbohydrates

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10
Q

what are the ionic constituents of blood?

A

cations: Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+, H+
anions: Cl-, HCO3-, PO3²- , SO4² -

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11
Q

what is serum?

A

the fluid left after blood clotting

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12
Q

what percentage of blood plasma do proteins make up?

A

7-9% = 90% of that is albumin, a protein made in liver and helps keeps the fluid in bloodstream so there is no leakage into other tissues

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13
Q

what does blood carry?

A
  • O2/nutrients to tissues
  • removes CO2/waste products from tissues
  • transports hormones from site of production to its site of action
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14
Q

what do erythrocytes carry?

A
  • O2 from lungs to body tissues

- helps removal of CO2 from body tissues to lungs

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15
Q

how is CO2 removed from the body?

A
  • carried as HCO3- in the plasma

- carbonic anhydrase helps CO2 by allowing it to dissolve in the plasma

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16
Q

what is the main constituent protein of RBCs?

A

-Haemoglobin, Hb

17
Q

what does Hb do?

A
  • binds to O2
  • each globin carries a haem molecule
  • each haem carried a Fe2+ which binds reversibly to O2
18
Q

what are the different forms of Hb and how can you distinguish them?

A
  • oxyhaemoglobin:fully saturated w O2 and is bright red

- deoxyhaemoglobin: lost all O2 and is dark red

19
Q

how many Hb molecules are there per RBC?

A

300,000,000

20
Q

what do the plasma proteins transport?

A
  • carries substances w poor solubility

- lipids, lipid soluble hormones, metal ions

21
Q

how does the blood have a defensive role?

A
  • immunity: WBC, plasma proteins

- clotting (haemostasis): platelets and plasma proteins

22
Q

how do neutrophils have a defensive role?

A
  • phagocytosis: kills bacteria and fungi

- main mediators of innate immunity

23
Q

how do lymphocytes defend the body?

A
  • main mediators of adaptive (acquired) immunity

- produces antibodies and kills infected cells

24
Q

what do eosinophils and basophils do to defend the body?

A
  • kills parasites, involved in allergic reactions

- basophils cause inflammation

25
Q

what is the role of monocytes in the defensive mechanism?

A

macrophages are responsible for phagocytosis of dead cells and pathogens

26
Q

what is the role of plasma in immunity?

A
  • immunoglobins (Ig) are made of B lymphocytes
  • they acts as antibodies against pathogens
  • complement proteins in plasma kill bacteria and pathogens
  • they cooperate w Ig and WBCs
27
Q

what is the main role of platelets?

A
  • major role in primary homeostasis
  • recognise damage at blood vessel wall
  • forms platelet plugs to stop bleeding
28
Q

what is homeostasis?

A
  • keeping the internal environment of the body constant

- maintaining the pH 7.4, controlling distribution of H2O and solutes, distributing heat

29
Q

what is the plasma’s role in homeostasis?

A
  • plasma pH, [ion] and [protein] must be kept within same limits
  • this can be disturbed by disorders of the kidney, liver, lungs, CV system and endocrine system
30
Q

what is haemocrit (Ht) and how is it measured?

A
  • it is the packed cell volume

- volume of cells/ total volume

31
Q

what are common blood tests and what do they measure?

A
  • [Hb] (Hb in g/l): overall [Hb] of blood, used to diagnose anaemia
  • mean RBC volume (MCV): side of red cells
  • mean (red) cell Hb content (MCHC): how much Hb is in each cell
  • haemocrit (Ht or Hc): diagnose the type of anaemia
  • total WBC count: neutrophil + lymphocyte count
32
Q

why are blood tests important?

A

-they are used to diagnose infection

Fundamentals of Pathology (7 decks)

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