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Fundamentals of pathology > Introduction to structure and function of blood > Flashcards

Introduction to structure and function of blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the shape and dimensions of erythrocytes

A
  • Biconcave

- Around 8 micrometers in length, 2.5 micrometers in height

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2
Q

What do erythrocytes not have

A

A nucleus, DNA, RNA or mitochondria

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3
Q

What are the two most common leukocytes

A

Neutrophils and lymphocytes

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4
Q

What is a neutrophil

A

A polymorphonuclear granulocyte

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5
Q

What does polymorphonuclear mean

A

Irregular and multi-lobed nucleus

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6
Q

What does a granulocyte mean

A

Prominent cytoplasmic granules

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7
Q

What are the 3 type of granulocytes

A

Neutrophil
Eosinophil
Basophil

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8
Q

What is characteristic about a neutrophil

A

Weakly staining granules, commonest WBC

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9
Q

What is characteristic about an eosinophil

A

Prominent granules stain red with eosin, make up 1-4% of WBCs

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10
Q

What is characteristic about a basophil

A

Granules stain blue/purple with basic dyes, make up less then 0.5% of WBCs

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11
Q

What are the two types of mononuclear cells

A

Monocytes

Lymphocytes

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12
Q

What is characteristic about a mononuclear cell

A

They lack granules and have large, regular nuclei

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13
Q

What are thrombocytes

A

Cytoplasmic fragments that have no nucleus, are membrane bound and contain granules

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14
Q

Where do blood cells come fro

A

Mature blood cells are produced from stem cells in the bone marrow

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15
Q

How are some blood diseases treated

A

Bone marrow transplantation

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16
Q

What is plasma

A

A fluid containing water, salts, proteins and organic molecules (metabolites, carbohydrates and lipids)

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17
Q

What positive ions (cations) exist in blood plasma

A

Mainly sodium, but also potassium, calcium, magnesium and hydrogen ions

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18
Q

What negative ions (anions) exist in blood plasma

A

Mainly chloride but also bicarbonate, phosphate, sulphate and organic anions

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19
Q

What is serum

A

The fluid left after blood clotting

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20
Q

What happens when a blood test requires un-clotted blood

A

Use an anticoagulant e.g. EDTA

21
Q

How much of the plasma is blood proteins and what do they do

A

7-9% of plasma is protein
Complex; thousands of different proteins
90% is single protein called albumin
Maintains the osmotic pressure in blood

22
Q

What are the 3 functions of blood

A
  1. Transport
  2. Defense
  3. Homeostasis
23
Q

How is the blood involved in transport

A

Carries oxygen/nutrients to tissues
removes CO2/other waste products from tissues
Transport other substances like hormones from sites of production to sites of action

24
Q

How are erythrocytes involved in transport

A

Transports oxygen from lungs to body tissues

Help in removal of CO2 from body tissues to lungs

25
Q

How is CO2 carried in plasma

A

Carried as bicarbonate
Red cell enzyme carbonic anhydrous helps CO2 o dissolve in plasma in the tissues and to come out of solution in the lungs

26
Q

What is the structure of haemoglobin

A

Its a tetramer made up of 4 polypeptide chains; 2 alpha and 2 beta chains
Each chain has a haem molecule that holds a ferrous Fe2+ ion

27
Q

How does haemoglobin carry oxygen

A

Oxygen binds reversibly to the iron atom through a co-ordination bond

28
Q

What is oxyhemoglobin

A

Fully saturated with O2 = bright red

29
Q

What is deoxyhemoglobin

A

Fully desaturated without O2 = dark red

30
Q

What do plasma proteins do

A

Carry substances which are poorly soluble in water e.g. Lipids and lipid soluble hormones/vitamins

31
Q

What kind of metal ions do plasma proteins carry and why

A

calcium, ferrous and copper ion

These ions can be toxic and if you get a bacterial infection, bacteria wont be able to uptake these required ions

32
Q

What does thyroxine binding protein (TBG) do

A

Somewhat hydrophobic molecule that carries thyroxine

33
Q

What does transferrin do

A

Carries ferrous ions

34
Q

What does a neutrophil do

A

Phagocytose and kill bacteria and fungi

The main mediators of innate immunity

35
Q

What does a lymphocyte do

A

Main mediators of adaptive/acquired immunity
Produces antibodies
Kills virus infected cells

36
Q

What do eosinophils do

A

Kills parasites

Involved in allergic responses

37
Q

What do basophils do

A

Kills parasites
Involved in allergic responses
Involved in inflammation

38
Q

What do monocytes/macrophages do

A

Phagocytosis of dead cells and pathogens

Presentation of antigens

39
Q

What does the plasma carry for immune defence

A

Immunoglobins, complelement proteins and platlets

40
Q

How are immunoglobins made and what do they do

A

Made by b-lymphocytes

Act as antibodies against pathogens

41
Q

What do complement proteins do

A

Kill bacteria and other pathogens

Cooperate with Ig and WBC

42
Q

What do platelets do

A

Its major role is primary haemostasis; stops blood flow
Recognises damage at a blood vessel wall
Forms a plug that stops bleeding but it insecure and temporary
Fibrinogen is a major plasma protein; secondary haemostasis

43
Q

What is homeostasis

A

Keeping the internal environment of the body constant

  • Maintaining pH at 7.4
  • Controlling distribution of water and solutes
  • Distributing heat
44
Q

What must be kept within safe limits through homeostasis

A

Plasma pH
Ion concentrations
Protein concentrations

45
Q

What does a full blood count include

A 
Haemoglobin concentration
-Used to diagnose anemia 
Mean red cell volume 
-Size of RBCs
Mean red cell haemoglobin content 
-How much Hb in each red cell
Haematocrit
-These help to diagnose the type of anaemia  
Total white blood cell count 
-Important for diagnosing infection
46
Q

Liver function tests (LFT’s)

A

Albumin concentration
Liver enzymes (released from damaged liver cells)
Clotting factors

47
Q

Urea and electrolytes (U&E’s)

A

Test kidney function

Metabolic abnormalities

48
Q

Blood glucose

A

Test for diabetes

49
Q

Lipid profile

A

Triglycerides
Cholesterol
LDL and HDL
Risk of cardiovascular disease

Fundamentals of pathology (4 decks)

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