Introduction to structural geology

Question 1

Structure

Answer 1

A geometric configuration of rocks

Question 2

Structural Geology

Answer 2

The study of structures created by deformation of rocks

Question 3

Tectonics

Answer 3

Combining many structural geology observations to interpret regional scale processes

Question 4

Example of deformation structures (3)

Answer 4

• Fault
• Fold
• Joint

Question 5

Seismic Exploration

Answer 5

The use of seismic wave to map under the surface

Question 6

GPS uses

Answer 6

Are used to monitor plate tectonic motion (you put a gps on the ground and record data as its moving)

Question 7

(3) Factors to combined in the study of structural geology

Answer 7

• Geometry
• Kinematic
• Dynamic

Question 8

Geometric Analysis

Answer 8

• Shape, Orientation, Size of structures

- Relationship between hierarchical structures

Question 9

Kinematic Analysis

Answer 9

Relative movement of particles

Strain accumulates progressively: finite strain = sum of many increments

Question 10

Dynamic analysis

Answer 10

Concider the forces that cause displacement and deformation
Stress is the magnitude of forces acting on a point
rheology describes how a material responds to applied forces

Question 11

Rheology

Answer 11

how material react to stress

Question 12

Tectonic Interpretations

Answer 12

models that we present with maps, cross sections and stereonets

Question 13

Rake (pitch)

Answer 13

Measure the plane containing the line

measure the angle from horizontal

Question 14

True Dip

Answer 14

angle as measured perpendicular to strike

Question 15

Apparent dip

Answer 15

smaller than true dip

Question 16

Formula to get apparent dip from true dip

Answer 16

a=arctan((tan(d))(sin(b))) where
a=apparent dip
d=true dip
b=angle between strike of plane of interest and cross section line

Question 17

Primary Structure

Answer 17

Characteristic of rock when they form (not a deformation)

Question 18

Deformation

Answer 18

any combination of Rotation, Translation, Distortion, volume change
Deformation takes TIME

Question 19

Why do rocks deform

Answer 19

Because of Plate Tectonics

Question 20

Relative Motion (Displacement)

Answer 20

When a force is applied the ends move apart. We only see the final stage, we don’t see when the deformation happens

Question 21

Displacement Vectors

Answer 21

each particle in the body we examine moves and they each get a vector
It characterizes before and after, the displacement and the approximate path taken

Question 22

Homogeneous and heterogeneous deformation

Answer 22

we assume that rocks deform as a continuum of particles

Deformation may vary, but it doesn

Question 23

Deformation matrix

Answer 23

Describes the new position of a point in terms of its original position