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Atypical Brain Development and Neurodegeneration > Introduction to Stroke > Flashcards

Introduction to Stroke Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the third leading cause of death?

A

Stroke

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2
Q

What is the most common cause of disability and/or immobility

A

stroke

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3
Q

What is the parietal lobe related to?

A

Sensory preocessing and orientation (home to the somatosensory cortex)

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4
Q

what is the Cerebellum related to?

A

Coordinates movement, posture, balance

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5
Q

What is the medulla oblongata related to?

A

Autonomic function: breathing, heart function etc.

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6
Q

What is the temporal lobe related to?

A

Auditory perception (home to Wernicke’s area) and memory

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7
Q

What is the frontal lobe related to?

A

contains the motor cortex and broca’s area, judgement, inhibition, personality, emotions, language

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8
Q

What are the 2 main types of arteries that lead to the brain?

A

carotid arteries and vertebral arteries, these then break down into smaller arteries and supply blood to the rest of your brain

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9
Q

How much of the oxygen in your body is needed in your brain?

A

20%

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10
Q

How much of your cardiac output does your brain require?

A

15%- hence why your brain function is related to your heart function

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11
Q

What are the 2 blood supplies involved in your brain’s circulatory system?

A

The anterior supple (supply to the front part of the brain) and the posterior supply (supply to the back of the brain)

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12
Q

What arteries stem from your 2 carotid arteries?

A

anterior arteries

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13
Q

What arteries stem from your 2 vertebral arteries?

A

Basilar arteries, which then divide to feed into our Anterior circulation system in the circle of Willis?

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14
Q

What is the function of the circle of Willis?

A

It maintains constant blood supply to the brain- even if there is a blockage in one of the arteries, the blood can use other pathways in the circle or go in a different direction.

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15
Q

What is the most commonly effected blood vessel in strokes?

A

The Middle cerebral artery

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16
Q

`Where to the pontine branches supply blood?

A

the midbrain and brain stem

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17
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery supply blood to?

A

The spinal chord

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18
Q

What 3 arteries supply blood to the cerebellum?

A

The Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
The Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery
The superior The superior Cerebellar Artery

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19
Q

Where do anterior cerebral arteries supply blood to?

A

The top half of the brain of the brain

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20
Q

Where does the posterior cerebral artery supply blood?

A

The cortices in the lower half of the back area of the brain

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20
Q

Where do middle cerebral arteries supply blood to?

A

The bottom half of the front of the brain

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21
Q

Where does the anterior spinal artery supply blood to?

A

Spinal chord and brain stem

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21
Q

What is the official definition of a stroke?

A

The stop of blood supply to the brain

22
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke?

A

A reduction in blood supply to the brain due to a blockage in a blood vessel

23
Q

What is a haemorrhagic stroke?

A

an unexpected influx of blood flow into the brain

24
Q

What is a transient Ischaemic Attack?

A

A temporary loss of blood supply into the brain- this can indicate higher risk of stroke in the future

25
Q

What is a thrombotic Stroke (type of Ischaemic Stroke)

A

A blood clot has formed in one (or more) of the major arteries leading to the brain-this then leads to cell death

26
Q

What is an embolic Stroke (type of ischaemic stroke)?

A

A blood clot has formed elsewhere in the body- this clot then travelling towards the brain and blocking one of the blood vessels there. The original clot site is the donor site, where the artery it travels to in the brain is the recipient site

27
Q

What common condition can cause embolic strokes?

A

Atherosclerosis- Fatty plaque in the arteries can break off and travel to the blood vessels in the brain

28
Q

What is Systematic Hypoperfusion

A

A general lack of blood supply to all body tissue due to a reduction in cardiac output (and subsequent blood supply)

29
Q

How can haemorrhagic strokes affect areas outside those consecutive to the bleed?

A

The cut off of the specific blood vessel can result in a shortage of oxygen and nutrients beyond the leak, potentially resulting in ischaemia

30
Q

What are 2 causes for Haemorrhagic Strokes?

A

Aneurysm- a blood vessel in the brain balloons and potentially breaks
Abnormalities in the arteries

31
Q

What is a intracerebral haemorrhage?

A

A bleed deep in the brain/cerebral hemispheres that puts pressure on cortical areas

32
Q

What is a subarachnoid haemorrhage?

A

A bleed on the surface of the brain- these can be very painful due to the outward and inward pressure they cause

33
Q

What is an epidural/subdural haemorrhage?

A

An epidural haemorrhage involves bleeding on between the dura matter (the outer membrane of the brain) and the skull- this is due to the bursting of an artery

A subdural haemorrhage involve bleeding between the arachnoid layer and the dura matter. This is due to the bursting of a vein

34
Q

What does a transient ischaemic attack look like in comparison to a stroke?

A

It can look a lot like a regular stroke, but will resolve itself without treatment. Symptoms will usually last less than 24 hours- the blood clot causing the ischaemia will dissolve itself

35
Q

What symptoms may present if there is a bleed in the left hemisphere?

A

Can affect sensory perception on the right side of the body
can affect motor control on the right side of the body
can affect speech, language and communication
Can affect analysis and calculations
Can affect your perception of time and sequencing
Can inhibit recognition of words, letters and numbers

36
Q

What signs and symptoms can appear if someone has a stroke in their right hemisphere?

A

Can inhibit sensory perception in the left sideof the body
Can inhibit motor control on the left side of the body
Can impact creativity
can impact spatial ability and context perception
Can impact one’s recognition of faces, places and objects

37
Q

What signs and symptoms commonly occur in cerebellum strokes

A

Issues with balance and motor control
Headaches and nausea

37
Q

What signs and symptoms occur in brainstem strokes?

A

These are very rare and very fatal, they can inhibit your ability to swallow, breathe and leave both sides of your body paralysed

38
Q

What are the signs and symptoms you have to look out for if someone is having a stroke? (Acronym)

A

F - Face Drooping, usually on one side
A - Arm weakness, usually on one side (ask them to lift both arms)
S - Issues understanding and forming speech
T - Time to call an ambulance

39
Q

What are 2 signs not mentioned in the popular acronym that someone may be having a stroke?

A

Potential visual difficulties (i.e. blurred or double vision)
Migraines

40
Q

What specific affected cortices could cause muscle numbness and weakness?

A

This occurs if the primary somatosensory cortex is affected (numbness) or the motor cortex is affected (weakness)

41
Q

Why may sudden language and speaking problems occur in people with strokes?

A

If there is a blockage in the middle cerebral arteries

42
Q

Why can problems with vision occur in people with strokes?

A

If the occipital lobe or other areas associated with visual perception are affected

43
Q

Why may sudden dizziness/ loss of balance and/or coordination occur in people with strokes?

A

If the parietal lobe is affected (it is related to proprioception and orientation)

44
Q

Why may sudden, severe headaches occur in people with strokes?

A

In haemorrhagic strokes, the influx of blood causes an increase in pressure
This symptom doesn’t really occur in haemorrhagic strokes

45
Q

Bamford Stroke Classification

A

Research it yourself bitch I don’t know everything

46
Q

What is a total anterior circulation stroke?

A

When blood flow is cut off to the front of the brain due to bleeding/clots with the middle/cerebral arteries

47
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Total Anterior Circulation strokes?

A

Unilateral weakness and/or unilateral sensory deficit
Homonymous hemianopia- visual deficit in either the left or right visual fields
Cerebral Dysfunctions such as dysphasia (not understanding speech) and visuo-spatial disorder

48
Q

What are the features of a partial anterior circulation stroke?

A

Cortical stroke in the middle/anterior cerebral arteries that doesn’t cause a total cut-off of blood
They will meet 2 of the symptoms mentioned on the Total Anterior Circulation Stroke card (Total Anterior Circulation Strokes require 3 of these symptoms)

((Unilateral weakness and/or unilateral sensory deficit
Homonymous hemianopia- visual deficit in either the left or right visual fields
Cerebral Dysfunctions such as dysphasia (not understanding speech) and visuo-spatial disorder))

49
Q

What is lacunar Syndrome?

A

A subcortical stroke (very deep in the brain, primarily affecting cortices related to motor function) that occurs secondary to small blood vessel disease. It therefore doesn’t cause a loss of higher cerebral functions but can cause purely sensory strokes, purely motor strokes, sensory motor strokes and ataxic hemiparesis

50
Q

What is ataxic hemiparesis?

A

Weakness and discoordination on one side of the body

51
Q

What are the features of posterior circulation syndrome (also called cerebellum/brainstem syndrome)

A

Cranial nerve palsy (loss of function of the nerve connecting the brain and body)
Contralateral motor/sensory deficit
Bilateral motor/sensory deficit
Conjugate eye movement disorders (i.e. horizontal gaze palsy -loss of ability to move eyes certain directions)

52
Q

What are the main functions of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

vertigo
nystagmus (repetitive, involuntary eye movement
Ataxia- weakness and loss of coordination
Isolated homonymous hemianopia- only being able to see out of one eye, the other one has issues with it’s own visual field.

53
Q

What are the main factors that determine the severity of a stroke?

A

How many and which specific blood vessels are affected
Which brain region is affected
The time frame
Age - recovery is more likely if the patient is younger
Comorbid health problems

Atypical Brain Development and Neurodegeneration (6 decks)

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