Introduction to Statistics M1A:1 Flashcards
What is the science concerned with the collection, organization, presentation and analysis of data?
Statistics
Facts and figures from which conclusions can be drawn
Data
The information that is collected for a particular study. Elements may be people, events, objects or other entries
Data set
What are variables?
Characteristics of an element
Describes a sample and serves as an estimate of the corresponding population parameter
Statistic
A descriptive measure of the entire population of all observations
Parameter
If a study is this kind of study, the possible measurements of the values of a variable are numbers that represent amounts
Quantitative
What is the difference between quantitative and qualitative variable quantity tallying
Qualitative variables you count
Quantitative variables you measure
Any value within a given range, can be fractions, decimals, and usually results from measurement
Continuous numbers
Restricted to certain values, usually whole numbers, generally result from counting
Discrete numbers
What are existing sources? Give examples.
Data already gathered by public or private sources.
Internet
Library
US Government
Data Collection Agency
What are experimental statistics and observational studies?
Data we collect ourselves for a specific purpose.
What are response variables and factors?
Response variable: the variable of interest
Factors: other variables related to the response variable.
What is the population?
What is a census?
What is a sample?
- A population is the set of all elements about which we draw a conclusion
- Census is an examination of the entire population of measurement. Must collect data from all individuals.
- Sample is a select subset of the units of the population.
What is a sampling error?
The difference between the unknown population parameter and the sample statistic used to describe the parameter
The tendency to favor the selection of certain sample elements over others is called..
Sample bias
The science of describing the important aspects of a set of measurements
Descriptive statistics
The science of using a sample of measurements to make generalizations about the important aspects of a population of measurements
Statistical inference
A sequence of operations that takes inputs and turns them into outputs
Process
Name the 4 scales of measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
Which scales of measurement are qualitative
Nominal and ordinal
Which scales are quantitative
Interval and ratio
What is a nominal scale? Give an example.
A qualitative variable for which there is no meaningful ranking of the categories.
Examples: Yes or No; Male or Female; marital status
What is a qualitative measure for which there is a meaningful ranking? Give examples
Ordinal variable
Example are; rate how likely are you to recommend; education attainment: 1 for high school 2 for college, 3 for graduate school
Name a quantitative variable where ratios are not meaningful and there is no defined zero
Interval scale
Temperature, Likert Scale ( 1-5)
A quantitative variable measures on a scale such that ratios of its value are meaningful and there is a true zero value
Ratio measurement
Money, weight and height,
