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STAT > INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS > Flashcards

INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS Flashcards

1
Q

What is statistics

A

science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions

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2
Q

used to describe a group’s characteristics

A

descriptive statistics

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3
Q

Types of statistics

A
  1. Descriptive Statistics

2. Inferential Statistics

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4
Q

Inferential statistics

A

uses statistical tools to predict and infer something

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5
Q

Other definition of descriptive statistics

A

method of organizing, summarizing, and presenting data in an informative and descriptive way.

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6
Q

Population

A

entire set of individuals or object of interest

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7
Q

A portion or part of the population of interest

A

Sample

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8
Q

It should have the same characteristics as the population it is representing

A

Sampling

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9
Q

Two ways a sampling can be

A
  1. with replacement

2. without replacement

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10
Q

With replacement

A

a member of the population can be chosen more than once (picking a candy from the bowl)

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11
Q

Without replacement

A

a member of the population can only be chosen once (lottery ticket)

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12
Q

Methods of sampling

A
  1. random

2. nonrandom

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13
Q

Random sampling method

A

each member of the population has an equal chance of being chosen

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14
Q

Non random sampling method

A

a biased sampling technique

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15
Q

What are the four random sampling methods

A
  1. Simple random sample
  2. Stratified sample
  3. Cluster sample
  4. Systematic sample
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16
Q

Each sample of the same size has an equal chance of being chosen

A

simple random sample

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17
Q

What is stratified sample

A

divide a population into groups called strata and then take a sample from each stratum

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18
Q

What is cluster sample

A

divide the population into strata and then randomly select some of the strata. All members from these strata are in the cluster sample

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19
Q

Systematic Sample

A

Randomly select a starting point and then take every n-th piece of data from a listing of the population

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20
Q

Purposive sampling

A

one will be chosen based on their knowledge of the information required by the researcher

21
Q

identify the stratums and their proportions as they are presented in the population

A

Quota Sampling

22
Q

Convenience sampling

A

resorted by the researchers who need the information the fastest way possible. it only includes people who are easy to reach

23
Q

Snowball sampling

A

relies on referrals from initial subjects to generate additional subjects.

24
Q

They are usually obtained by counting or measuring items

A

Statistical data

25
Q

Two types of statistical data

A
  1. Primary data

2. Secondary data

26
Q

What is a primary data

A

collected specifically for the analysis desired

27
Q

what is secondary data

A

data that have been already compiled and are available for statistical analysis

28
Q

It has a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population being studied

A

Variable

29
Q

Constant

A

has a fixed numerical value

30
Q

Qualitative

A

variables that are classified according to some attributes of categories

31
Q

Qualitative data

A

described by words and letters

32
Q

2 subgroups of qualitative data

A
  1. Dichotomic

2. Polynomic

33
Q

Dichotomic

A

For of word with only two options

34
Q

Polynomic

A

form of word with more than two options

35
Q

Quantitaive

A

data from observations that are measured on numerical scale

36
Q

Quantitative data

A

described using numbers

37
Q

What are the two subgroups of quantitative data

A
  1. Discrete

2. Continuous

37
Q

What are the two subgroups of quantitative data

A
  1. Discrete

2. Continuous

38
Q

Discrete

A

result of counting

39
Q

Continuous

A

result of measuring

40
Q

What are the four numerical scale of measurement

A
  1. Nominal
  2. Ordinal
  3. Interval
  4. Ratio
41
Q

Nominal Scale of Measurement

A

are categories in no logical order and have no particular relationship

42
Q

Ordinal scale of measurement

A

categories in which order is implied. Values in one category are largen or smaller than values in other categories

43
Q

Interval scale of measurement

A

a set of numerical measurements in which distance between numbers is of a known constant size. There is no absolute zero in this scale

44
Q

Ratio

A

consists of numerical measurements where distance between numbers is of a known constant size. there is an absolute zero in this scale

45
Q

What are the measures of the central tendency

A
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
46
Q

Median

A

midpoint of an array of observations

46
Q

Mean

A

Adding all the items or the observations and dividing the sum by the total number of observations

47
Q

Mode

A

the observation that appears the most number of times in a distribution

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