Introduction to Sports Medicine - Lecture 1&2

Question 1

Why are humans not particularly fast in comparison to other animals?

Answer 1

1. Shorter stride length
2. Slower muscle contraction velocity
3. Legs have to support body weight and thrust

Question 2

What makes humans good endurance runners?

Answer 2

1. Long legs for body size
2. Springs within legs to utilise elastic energy
3. Breathing mechanisms not linked to stride frequency

Question 3

What is an injury?

Answer 3

Bodily damage caused by a transfer of energy that exceeded the body ability to maintain its structural or functional integrity

Question 4

Why do we get injured?

Answer 4

Humans are able to perform a huge range of tasks, but if we exceed the safety factors we will become injured

Question 5

What are the two types of injury?

Answer 5

Traumatic - one off overload (impact)

Overuse - repeated loading

Question 6

Classification of type of injury?

Answer 6

Traumatic
Overuse
Acute
Chronic/Recurrent

Question 7

Examples of a chronic traumatic injury?

Answer 7

ACL rupture (re-injury)

Question 8

Example of a chronic overuse injury?

Answer 8

Tibial stress fracture

Question 9

Example of an acute overuse injury?

Answer 9

Achilles Tendinopathy

Question 10

Example of an acute traumatic injury?

Answer 10

ACL rupture (first time)

Question 11

How do we quantify an injury?

Answer 11

Usually defined by time loss

Slight 0-1 days
Minimal 2-3 days
Mild 4-7 days
Moderate 8-28 days
Severe 28+ days

Question 12

What is a risk factor?

Answer 12

A risk factor is any attribute, characteristic or exposure of an individual that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury

Question 13

How do we classify risk factors?

Answer 13

Intrinsic
Extrinsic
Modifiable
Non modifiable

Question 14

What are intrinsic risk factors?

Answer 14

Previous injury
Genetics
Anatomical/Physical

Question 15

What are extrinsic risk factors?

Answer 15

Surface
Weather
Equipment

Question 16

Why will an injury occur?

Answer 16

If the loads placed on the musculoskeletal system during the event exceed the musculoskeletal limits

Question 17

What tissues make up the musculoskeletal system?

Answer 17

Bone
Cartilage
Muscle
Tendons
Ligament

Question 18

What is a bone made up of?

Answer 18

Organic component (35%) - cells (osteoblasts etc)
Inorganic component (65%) - mineral content

Question 19

How do bones grow?

Answer 19

Longitudinal growth - endochondrial ossification (ceases at adulthood)
Circumferential growth - diameter increase (rapid until adulthood then slows down)

Question 20

What is the process for bone repair?

Answer 20

1. Repair after failure
2. Haemotoma leads to clot formation
3. Cartilage fills gap which is ossified to form new bone
4. Callous remodels over time

Question 21

What is bone atrophy?

Answer 21

Inactivity - bone mass decreases

Predominance of osteoclast activity

Question 22

What is bone hypertrophy?

Answer 22

Increase in activity - greater bone mass

Question 23

Why does a bone fracture?

Answer 23

If the stress on the bone exceeds the strength of the bone

Question 24

What are the types of fracture?

Answer 24

Transverse
Oblique
Spiral
Comminuted
Segmental
Impacted
Torus
Greenstick

Question 25

What is the 4 step sequence of injury prevention? (Van Mechelen, 1992)

Answer 25

1. Establish extent of injury problem 2. Establish cause and mechanism of injury 3. Introduce a preventative measure 4. Assess effectiveness by repeating step 1

Question 26

What is the sports causation model? (Bahr & Krosshaug, 2005)

Answer 26

Intrinsic risk factor can predispose an athlete to injury, and then when exposure if given to extrinsic risk factors, they become more susceptible to the injury

Question 27

List some key people who are involved in an athletes performance?

Answer 27

``` Coach Physiotherapist Masseur S&C coach Doctor Dietician Psychologist Sports scientist ```